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Modern  Hebrew  Poetry 
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The  riaccabfiean 


Vol.   IV 


April,  1903 


No.  4 


CONTENTS 


PRONTISPIECB :  Moses  at  the  Red  Sea. 


Modern  Hebrew  Poetry  :    by  A.  S. 
Waldstein 185 

Poem:     "Our  Hope."     By  Rebecca 
A.    Altman 192 

A   Jewish    Girl.      By   Miss    Rosalie 
Sheinfeld 193 

The  Drowning  of  Pharaoh:    Illus- 
tration   197 

'  *OldnEwi,and  " :  a  Romance.  By  Dr. 
Theodor  Herzl.     Books  HI-IV   .    .    198 

The  Jewish  Theoi,ogicai.  Seminary 
By  Albert  M.  Friedenberg 21 1 


Four  Corners  of  the  Earth  .   .    219 

The  Fertiwty  of  Palestine  .  .  .    224 

Editoriai^  :  The  Seder  ;  An  Age-Old 
Ritual ;  Passover  Moral ;  Various 
Zionisms ;  To  Our  Credit ;  Con- 
vention and  Congress ;  Congress 
Problems 225 

Official    Information 228 

Draft  of  Amended  Constitution  230 
News  from  Societies 234 


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Date State- 


I 


MOSES    AT    THE    RED    SEA 
From  an  i8th  Century  Steel  Engraving 


1 


Vol.  IV. 


Nisan  5663 


No.  4 


Modem  Hebrew  Poetry 

BY  A.  S.  WALDSTEIN 

^  F  all  phases  of  literature  be  determined  by  race,  surroundings  and  epoch,  lyric 
iT  poetry  is  particularly  so ;  for  this  phase,  which  is  a  depository  of  sentiment 
^  and  individuality,  must  more  than  any  other  be  stamped  by  the  impress  of 
these  conditions,  which  are  necessarily  dependent  upon  Hmited  individuality  and 
disposition.  This  fact  is  true,  I  think,  in  all  literatures,  and  this  is  glaringly  true 
in  Hebrew  literature. 

I  have  pointed  out  in  another  place,  that  the  main  feature  of  Hebrew  poetry 
has  been  lyricism.  Jewish  history,  I  said,  has  been  one  of  sentiment,  of  devotion, 
and  this  fact,  together  with  the  individuality  characteristic  of  the  Jew,  have  tend- 
ed to  make  lyricism  most  prominent  in  Hebrew  poetry,  throughout  all  periods, 
from  the  period  of  the  phophets  through  the  mediaeval  age  down  to  our  times, 
and  this  of  a  peculiar  character,  namely:  the  devotional,  the  didactic  and  the 
pathetic.  Upon  this  characteristic  in  Hebrew  lyricism  there  is,  however,  a 
significant  advance  in  our  own  time.  The  neo-national  aspirations  internally  and 
the  closer  contact  with  European  civilization  externally,  have  inspired  the  muse 
of  our  people  to  sing  in  a  healthier,  clearer,  more  full-throated  strain  than  before. 
And  thus,  we  find  in  our  contemporary  lyricism,  beside  the  predominant  ethereal 
element  I  mentioned — also  a  more  earthly,  a  more  human,  in  short — a  more 
Hellenic  element. 

This  is  for  the  characteristics  of  Hebrew  lyricism ;  there  remains  to  be  ac- 
counted for  the  immense  success  of  this  phase  of  poetry  in  Hebrew  literature  of 
our  time,  while  in  all  other  literatures  it  is  on  the  decline.  Macaulay  says  some- 
where that  with  advance  of  civilization  the  decline  of  lyric  poetry  is  certain,  and 
whatever  one  might  urge  to  the  contrary,  facts  seem  to  bear  out  his  statement. 
The  greatest  lyric  achievements  in  Europe  date  from  not  later  than  the  Romantic 
period,  a  period  of,  perhaps,  the  last  struggle  of  sentiment  to  rule   society. 


1 86  THE  MACCAB^AN.  [April,  1903. 

Thenceforth,  sentiment  has  been  deadened  by  dryness  of  science,  by  buzz  of  ma- 
chinery, and  dullness  of  matter-of-fact  sort  of  living.  And  thus  the  fountain  of 
Pimplea,  which  feeds  upon  the  resources  of  sentiment,  seems  to  have  been  gradu- 
ally drying  up  in  Europe.  Not  so  among  our  people.  This  evil  of  advance  of 
civilization  has  not  yet  been  able  to  strike  deep  root  among  us,  for 
there  has  been  an  antidote  effectively  counteracting  it,  and  that  is  the 
neo-national  movement.  This  movement,  however  practical  it  might  be.  Is 
founded  primarily  upon  sentiment.  The  longing  for  distant  Zion,  the  desire  of 
establishing  a  national  center  after  having  lost  it  for  millenniums,  have  somewhat 
of  a  romantic  glare.  Hence  the  great  success  of  our  contemporary  lyric  poetry 
among  us;  hence  a  Frug  in  Russian  literature,  a  Rosenfeld  in  America,  and 
above  all,  such  poets  as  I  will  speak  of  in  this  paper. 

These  are  the  characteristics  and  undercurrents  of  Hebrew  poetry,  and  by 
bearing  the  former  in  mind,  one  will  have  a  better  understanding  of  the  latter. 

Modern  Hebrew  poetry,  as  well  as  modern  Hebrew  literature  as  a  whole, 
begins  at  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century,  with  the  so-called  Mendelssohnian 
Period.  It  was  then  that  Hebrew  poetry  began  to  free  itself  from  the  narrowness 
of  mediaeval  ideas  and  that  it  entered  upon  the  path  of  modern  literatures.  Previ- 
ously, it  had  been  for  centuries  merely  a  series  of  religious  effusions.  For  the 
Hebrew  poet  God  had  been  nature  and  the  Torah — a  sweetheart,  and  his  devotion 
to  them — his  inspiration.  Hebrew  poetry,  therefore,  had  consisted  almost  exclu- 
sively of  te  deums,  hymns  and  prayers.  In  the  Mendelssohnian  Period  this  as- 
pect was  changed :  a  new  literary  movement  was  then  begun  among  the  German 
Jews,  the  leaders  of  which  were  men  of  high  culture,  who  not  only  were  learned 
in  European  literature,  but,  like  Mendelssohn  himself,  contributed  to  it.  As  a 
consequence,  then,  European  ideas  were  introduced  into  Hebrew  literature.  The 
study  of  the  Bible,  too,  assumed  a  new  aspect :  the  quibbling  commentaries  on 
the  Bible  gave  way  to  a  study  in  modern  critical  light. 

All  this  had  a  wholesome  eflfect  upon  Hebrew  poetry :  its  scope  was  widened 
and  it  was  brought  nearer  to  the  purer  and  more  elegant  Biblical  Hebrew.  And, 
although  the  Biblical  phraseology  was  not  quite  compatible  with  modern  ideas 
and  expressions,  yet  its  immortal  imagery  and  its  beautiful,  poetic  expressions,  if 
not  abused,  could  give  sublimity  even  to  poetry  of  that  comparatively  modern 
time. 

This  period  was,  however,  merely  transitional.  Mediaeval  ideas  were  then 
still  largely  represented.  The  greatest  poem  of  the  greatest  Hebrew  poet  of  that 
time  (i)  dealt  with  a  sacred  subject,  the  Exodus.  And  although  human  passions, 
nature  and  flowers  were  now  and  then  the  theme  of  some  poem  or  other,  espe- 
cially in  the  latter  part  of  that  period,  which  culminated  in  the  poems  of  a  fairly 
successful  poet ;  (2)  yet  poetry  of  this  kind  was,  on  the  whole,  not  particularly 
successful.  Indeed,  it  could  not  be  so.  Our  people  had  been  for  centuries  con- 
fined to  the  Ghetto,  whose  walls  had  shut  him  out  from  the  beauties  of  nature. 


N.  H.  Wesseley,  scholar,  linguist  and  poet. 

Lebensohn  ;  active  in  the  fourth  and  fifth  decades  of  last  century. 


r 


April,  1903.]  THE  MACCAB^EAN.  187 


1 


and  how  could  he  have  conceived  love  for  nature  that  he  had  not  known.  Or 
how  could  he  know  of  passions  as  such,  when  from  his  childhood  he  was  com- 
pelled to  stifle  them  in  the  narrow  confines  of  the  Ghetto.  This  kind  of  poetry, 
therefore,  was  merely  mechanical,  conventional — in  short,  an  unsuccessful  imi- 
tation o'f  European  lyricism.  It  was  merely  in  the  abstract,  the  philosophic,  the 
didactic  that  Hebrew  poetry  of  that  period  succeeded  most.  And  this  fact  is 
more  or  less  true  also  of  its  next  period. 

The  second  period  of  Hebrew  literature  begins  with  about  the  sixth  decade 
of  the  last  century.  It  was  a  period  of  turbulence  in  the  Jewish  communities, 
especially  in  the  Jewish  pale  of  Russia,  to  which  country  Hebrew  literature  was 
then  shifted ;  a  period  of  the  struggle  of  reason  with  belief,  when  the  breath  of 
civilization  was  streaming  into  the  Ghetto  in  great  puffs  and  was  shaking  the 
foundations  of  exclusive  conservatism.  The  young  generation  threw  itself 
with  all  youthful  vigor  and  enthusiasm,  with  all  hunger  felt  during  centuries  for 
true  culture,  upon  modern  civilization ;  and  thus  with  one  bound  left  far  behind 
them  the  whole  culture  of  their  people,  while  the  older  generation  tried  to  stem 
this  current. 

In  such  an  intellectual  struggle,  where  reason  rather  than  sentiment  was 
predominant,  one  could  hardly  expect  poetry  to  flourish.  The  fact  was,  however, 
that  Hebrew  poetry  had  perhaps  never  had  better  times  than  in  that  period.  In 
preceding  centuries  it  had  been  merely  liturgical,  it  now  became  wholly  secular. 
In  the  foregoing  period  it  was  the  poetry  of  a  class  of  dilettanti,  when  poetrj- 
was  produced — as  Wesseley  expressed  himself — merely  for  one's  own  amusement, 
it  was  now  beginning  to  penetrate  into  all  ranks  of  the  people  and  to  deal  seri- 
ously with  all  questions  of  the  time.  A  host  of  more  or  less  successful  poets  now 
arose,  who  were  to  raise  the  standard  of  Hebrew  poetry,  as  well  as  of  the  litera- 
ture, to  a  higher  level,  of  whom  the  central  figure  was  J.  L,  Gordon. 

Gordon — and  what  I  will  say  of  him  is  more  or  less  true  also  of  the  minor 
poets  of  that  period — had  been  brought  up  in  the  rabbinical  school,  and  thus  had 
been  equipped  with  the  arms  of  the  very  armory  of  the  conservative  class,  to  fight 
them  on  their  own  premises.  And  he  used  this  advantage  very  effectively  indeed. 
His  method — if  method  there  be  in  writing  poetry — of  warring  against  them,  was 
to  take  uo  some  rabbinical  laws,  like  those  hair-splittings  on  divorce  or  on  the 
Feast  of  the  Passover,  cast  them  into  a  narrative  poem,  and  expose  them  to  cen- 
sure by  showing  their  incompatibility  with  life.  And  these  narratives  he  flavored 
with  such  parodying  of  rabbinical  phraseology,  with  such  biting  satire,  that  they 
could  not  but  strike  home  to  those  against  whom  they  were  directed. 

Thus  far  the  feature  of  Hebrew  poetry  of  that  period  was  narrative ;  yet  this 
was  not  the  only  kind  attempted,  and  done  so  with  success.  It  had  been  in  di- 
dactic poetry  that  the  Hebrew  had  always  succeeded,  and  it  was  this  kind  that,  ex- 
cept narrative,  succeeded  best  also  in  that  period.  Nay,  we  may  say  that  it  suc- 
ceeded even  more  than  narrative  poetry — for  if  we  analyze  the  last,  we  would  per- 
haps find  its  tendencies  and  its  teachings  interest  us  most.  Not  so  successful,  how- 
ever, was  the  attempt  at  pure  lyric  poetry.  "  Hebrew  lyricism,"  says  Doctor 
Zunz,  speaking  of  the  liturgical  literature  of  the  Middle  Ages,  "is  philosophy;" 


1 88  THE  MACCAB.EAN.  [April,  1903. 

and  philosophy  it  was  during  that  period.  If  God  was  no  longer,  as  in  the  Middle 
Age,  nature  for  the  Hebrew  poet,  it  was  God  in  nature  that  he  celebrated,  and  its 
enjoyment  was  for  him  a  contemplation  in  providence. 

With  all  outside  influence,  Hebrew  poetry  remained  in  that  period  thor- 
oughly Jewish ;  its  tone  was  changed,  but  its  color  and  quality  remained  the 
same ;  for  its  endeavors  were  directed  toward  interests  purely  Jewish :  to  destroy 
superstitions  and  to  purify  the  air  of  the  Ghetto.  Soon,  however,  this  aspect  was 
changed.  The  extremes,  caused  by  the  schism  of  that  period,  found  a  via  media 
in  the  neo-national  or  Zionistic  idea  in  its  pre-political  form ;  and  with  this,  a  new 
period  entered  in  Hebrew  poetry.  It  has  now  no  longer  been  dealing  with  religi- 
ous questions  exclusively ;  religious  freedom  and  purity  has  already  been  a  thing 
assumed.  It  has  now,  on  the  one  hand,  been  pervaded  by  new  national  aspira- 
tions and  ideals,  and  on  the  other  hand,  it  has  assumed — however  paradoxical  the 
statement  may  sound — a  more  universal  aspect.  For  this  movement  has  not  only 
given  the  Jew  new  aspirations,  but  has  also  given  him  back  his  self-consciousness 
as  a  man ;  and  as  such,  he  laid  his  claims,  in  spite  of  opposition  and  hindrances, 
upon  everything  human.  And  of  everything  human  the  Hebrew  poet  has  now 
begun  to  sing  in  full  and  clear  notes. 

The  beginning  of  this  period  was  not  very  great.  Its  representative  poet* — 
a  poet  by  nature — did  not  possess  the  penetration  into  the  soul  of  nature,  so  to 
speak,  but  it  was  no  longer  in  the  mechanical  way,  no  longer  with  the  ready- 
made  sentimentality  of  the  preceding  periods,  that  our  poet  sang  of  nature.  It 
was  genuine  love  of  nature  and  true  sentiment  that  inspired  him.  And  though 
lacking,  to  some  extent,  originality,  his  poems  nevertheless  charm  us  just  as  a 
maiden,  who  not  being  perhaps  characteristically  beautiful,  is  yet  charming  with 
her  delicacy,  with  her  tenderness  and  the  sweet  expression  of  her  eyes. 

With  the  development  of  the  neo-national  idea,  however,  Hebrew  poetry 
has  also  gained  in  originality  and  genius.  Good  taste,  inspiration  toward  the 
sublime  and  the  beautiful  have  been  rapidly  making  their  way  among  the  He- 
brew poets.  And  thus  Hebrew  poetry  rose  up  full-grown  and  genuine,  and  equal, 
if  not  superior,  to  any  in  European  literatures. 

If,  at  the  beginning  of  this  period,  the  national  and  the  universal  elements 
were  blended ;  if  love  of  nature  and  love  of  Zion  were  the  warp  and  woof  of  the 
poetry  of  a  Mane,  they  were  soon  developing  in  two  distinctly  different  direc- 
tions— a  tendency  which  has  in  our  own  time  reached  its  climax  of  development 
in  two  great  representative  poets,  N.  Bialik  and  S.  Tchernichovsky.  Both  are 
great  lyric  poets  and  both  are  original  in  the  treatment  of  their  subjects ;  but  that 
is  all  they  have  in  common.  Otherwise,  they  represent  two  distinctly  different 
tendencies.  The  one  (Tchernichovsky)  is  of  distinctly  Greek  taste,  the  other  of 
distinctly  Jewish ;  the  one  represents  the  man  in  the  Jew,  the  other,  the  Jew  in 
the  man. 

TCHERNICHOVSKY 

The  poems  of  S.  Tchernichovsky  are  unique  in  Hebrew  literature  for  their 
genuine  love  of  nature,  their  fine  description  of  passion  and  natural  scenery,  and 

I    Man^,  artist-poet,  died  twenty-nine  years  of  age. 


April,  1903.]  THE   MACCAB^AN.  189 

their  style.  Previously,  Hebrew  poets,  as  I  have  pointed  out  before,  were  not 
very  successful  in  pure  lyric,  and  still  less  in  nature  poetry.  To  the  reasons,  that 
I  have  given,  for  this  ill-success  may  be  added  another  one,  i.  e.,  that  the  Hebrew 
poets  were  too  much  dependent  of  the  Biblical  phraseology.  Biblical  imagery, 
beautiful  in  itself,  has  become,  by  too  frequent  use,  trite  and  commonplace.  The 
poet's  description  was,  therefore,  liable  to  be  conventional,  unindividualistic  and 
colorless ;  for  almost  every  sweet  heart  had,  according  to  the  Hebrew  poet,  hair 
"  black  like  a  raven,"  and  eyes  "  like  doves,"  etc.  In  Tchernichovsky  you  will 
find  no  longer  this  deficiency.  In  his  poems  there  is  no  trace  of  the  ready-made 
phraseologfy  of  the  Bible  and, its  worn-out  epithets.  He  cuts  himself  a  new  way,, 
so  to  speak,  in  the  Hebrew  language ;  and  though  he  does  so  "  somewhat  cruel- 
ly," it  is  apparently  without  much  difificulty.  His  greatness,  however,  lies  chiefly 
in  his  quality  as  a  lyric  poet.  Here  Tchernichovsky  appears  as  such  with  all  indi- 
viduality, with  all  genuine  passion  for  the  beautiful,  and  with  all  aspiratiorr 
toward  the  infinitely  grand  and  perfect,  qualities  perhaps  best  illustrated  in  the 
following  stanzas: 

IDEAL 

"  In  vision  did  I  create  thee. 

In  nightly  dream  thy  charm ; 
Perfume  of  roses  thy  breath, 


And  I  took  the  glow  of  Venus, 
The  light  of  Luna  dreamy, 

The  white  of  foamy  billow. 
The  rose  of  morn  beamy. 

I  robbed  the  depth  of  ocean. 
The  sweetly  smile  of  child. 

In  thy  finely  veins  I  poured 
Geyser  hot  and  wild. 

The  shade  of  northern  light. 

The  glow — the  daylight  flashes; 

In  thy  deep-cut  lid  I  dabbled 
In  thy  shadowy  lashes. 


And  at  thy  glance — full  joy  and  awe 
And  blinded,  my  face  I  wrapped." 

It  is  said  of  a  great  Grecian  sculptor,  that  once,  having  made  a  statue,  he 
was  so  overcome  with  awe  at  his  own  creation,  that  he  immediately  fell  prostrate 


\ 


I  go  THE   MACCAB.CAN.  [April,  1903. 

and  worshipped  it.  In  this  poem  we  have  another  instance  of  the  kind.  It  is 
not  a  woman,  it  is  a  goddess  that  our  poet  has  here  created ;  yet  it  is  the  work  of 
a  great  artist,  and  so  infinitely  grand,  that  it  struck  the  poet  himself  with  awe. 

I  have  thus  far  spoken  of  Tchernichovsky  lyricism  as  genuine ;  let  me  now 
give  an  illustration  of  his  fine  description  of  natural  scenery : 

EVENING 

"  From  the  mountain  sides, 

The  shadow  softly  glides, 
Playing  in  the  golden  brook. 

;rhe  ripple  lies  dreaming, 

The  sickle  down  is  beaming, 
Hush  and  silence  in  every  nook. 

The  north-star  flashing  glows, 

Zephyr  softly  blows. 
Warbles  in  a  brooklet  stream, 

And  nestles  in  the  rushes. 

Lo  1  there  a  cherub  flashes ! 
To  heaven  borne  in  a  starry  beam."* 

You  will  find  in  the  poems  of  Shelley  or  Wordsworth  a  more  complete  and 
more  sustained  picture ;  but  hardly  a  more  easy  swing,  or  a  quicker  procession  of 
the  individual  pictures  in  the  panorama  of  nature. 

In  short,  Tchernichovsky  is  the  greatest  Hebrew  poet  of  nature,  and  the 
greatest  but  one  (Bialik)  lyric  poet. 

BIALIK 

Bialik  surpasses  all  Hebrew  poets,  in  brilliancy  and  flexibility  of  style,  in 
depth  of  pathos,  and  in  loftiness  of  ideas.  Every  word  of  his  is  full  of  vigor  and 
every  phrase  embodies  a  whole  idea,  and  his  creations,  few  in  number,  though 
highly  poetic,  are  marvelously  truthful. 

Bialik  is  not,  like  Tchernichovsky,  a  poet  of  nature  in  the  strict  sense  of  the 
word.  If  a  well-known  antithesis  may  be  applied  to  poets,  I  would  say  that  the 
difference  between  these  two  poets  is  that,  whereas  Tchernichovsky  sings  of  na- 
ture objectively,  Bialik  does  so  subjectively.  Like  the  prophets  of  old,  he  sees  in 
nature  something  behind  her,  of  which  he  considers  himself  part  and  parcel;  and 
to  this  conception  he  subordinates  description  of  nature. 

"...  I  will  go  out  into  the  field  and  hear  what  God  says  through  the 
standing  corn.  ...  I  will  hide  myself  amidst  the  grain,  I  will  drown  in 
its  high  stalks,  I  will  mingle  in  its  abundant  ears,  and  be  swept  away  in 
the  tide  of  its  waves.  I  will  hearken  to  the  silence  of  the  woods  and 
hear  the  secret  of  the  grove.     ...     I  will  fall  to  the  moist  ground, 


1    The  oriKtnat  has  an  excellency,  which  I  could  not  very  well  bring  out  in  translation,  and  that  is,  perfect  rest 
in  the  first  stanxa.&nd  a  sudden  transition  to  movement  in  the  second. 


April,  1903.]  THE  MACCAB^AN.  191 

will  dig  my  face  into  it  and  ask  the  earth,  weeping  abundantly  in  her 
lap :  *  Tell  me,  mother,  wide,  spacious,  full  earth,  why  dost  thou  not 
feed  me,  too,  poor,  famished  soul.'   .   .   ." 

Such  pathos  as  this  pervades  a  good  deal  of  the  poetry  of  Bialik,  especially 
that  written  against  the  present  state  of  society,  where  he  gives  full  sway  to  a 
Byronic  vein  of  contempt : 

"  I,  too,  was  once  young.  ...  I  dreamed  the  world  one  country, 
the  law  of  God — law  of  men.  .  .  .  How  your  dreams  deceived  you, 
foolish,  innocent  child !  There  have  come,  friends,  years  of  uselessness. 
Instead  of  heavens  full  of  light,  I  saw  beneath  me  an  opaque  land:  a 
land — whose  heaven  is  silver,  people — whose  life  is  bread,  peace — whose 
arm  is  the  sword,  truth — vain  and  naught.  Low  creatures,  how  dwarf- 
ish you  are !  Of  giants,  in  vain  did  I  dream.  .  .  .  Sad  and  troubled 
from  my  dream  awoke  I.  I  looked  around  me — void  and  emptiness ! 
alas,  alas,  would  I  die !  " 

Happily,  such  morbid  poems  are  not  frequent  with  him.  As  a  whole  his 
muse  is  more  healthy  than  this  and  of  a  far  happier  disposition. 

The  real  genius  of  Bialik  will,  however,  be  found  in  his  national  poems. 
Here  his  poetry  has  full  swing ;  for  it  is  his  people  whom  he  loves  most :  its  hopes 
and  woes,  therefore,  determine  best  the  cadence  of  his  poetic  strain.  And  these 
hopes  and  woes  he  shares  in  their  whole  depth  and  significance  as  none  else  did 
share  them.    He  says  of  the  homelessness  of  his  people : 

"...  Even  one  trusty  place  we  have  not,  to  which  we  could  at- 
tach our  soul,  to  which  we  could  fasten  one  cord  of  our  heart.     .     .     ." 

Many  Hebrew  poets  have  bewailed  the  fate  of  their  people,  but  none  has 
expressed  himself  so  significantly  as  Bialik  does  here.  To  him  the  vagrant  life 
of  our  people  means  not  only  a  physical  and  material  suffering,  but,  what  is  more 
tragical,  a  spiritual  and  moral,  "  the  disgrace  of  the  soul  among  the  enemy." 
No  wonder,  therefore,  that  he  also  understood  the  poetry  of  the  Ghetto,  as  none 
but  a  Zangwill  or  a  Bialik  could  understand.  And  all  this  describing  with  an 
eloquence,  vigor  and  truth,  rivaled  by  no  other  Hebrew  poet. 

Young  though  Bialik  is,  he  nevertheless  has  considerable  influence.  Not 
only  is  his  style  imitated,  but  he  is  also  a  sort  of  inspiration  to  the  muse  of  other 
poets.  Of  the  minor  poets,  the  most  successful  are :  S.  L.  Gordon,  of  fine  pathos ; 
D.  Frishman,  balladist,  romancist,  critic  and  inimitable  translator,  and  M.  M.  Do- 
litzky,  remarkable  for  his  smooth  and  polished  style.  He  was  long  considered  as 
the  greatest  poet  after  J.  L.  Gordon ;  but  his  fame  has  gradually  receded  before  the 
genius  of  the  younger  Hebrew  poets. 

To  sum  up :  Modern  Hebrew  poetry,  mainly  lyrical,  begun  by  a  class  of  dil- 
ettanti, has  developed  into  a  genuine  and  national,  and  at  the  same  time  more 
universal,  phase  of  poetry.  With  the  progress  of  Zionism,  it  has  been  rapidly 
gaining  in  strength  and  genius,  so  that  in  the  very  near  future  it  will  occupy  a 
prominent  place  in  the  literature  of  the  world. 


192 


THE  MACCAB^AN. 


[April,  1903. 


Our  Hope 

The  "  Hatikvoh"  of  Naphtali  Herz  Imber,  translated  by  REBECCA.  A.  ALTMAN. 


While  yet  the  olden  fires  burn 
Within  each  loyal  Hebrew  breast. 

And  toward  the  East  our  eyes  turn. 
With  Zion  still  our  only  quest — 

Lost  is  not  our  hope  of  yore. 
Our  olden  hope  and  blest: 

To  return  to  our  land  once  more. 
Where  our  sires  rest! 


II. 


While  yet  with  tears  our  eyes  fill 

When  longing  for  our  land. 
And  thousands  of  our  people  still 

By  their  fathers'  graves  will  stand — 

Lost  is  not  our  hope  of  yore,  etc. 
IIL 

While  yet  the  Holy  City's  gate 

Before  our  ken  will  rise, 
And  for  the  Temple  desolate 

The  tears  will  dim  our  eyes — 

Lost  is  not  our  hope  of  yore,  etc. 
IV. 

While  yet  the  Jordan  in  his  pride 

His  banks  will  overleap, 
And  in  the  ocean's  swelling  tide 

Will  drown  his  murfnur  deep — 

Lost  is  not  our  hope  of  yore,  etc. 


V. 


While  yet  upon  the  lonely  road 

Will  reign  a  terror  deep. 
And  before  Jerusalem's  waste  abode 

Will  Zion's  daughters  weep — 

Lost  is  not  our  hope  of  yore,  etc. 
VL 

While    yet    the    tears    in    streams    will    flow 

Pure  from  my  nation's  eyes, 
And,  weeping  for  her  land  laid  low. 

At  midnight  she  will  rise — 

Lost  is  not  our  hope  gf  yore,  etc 
VH. 

While  yet  the  life-blood  in  our  veins 

Will  course  in  rapid  streams. 
And  upon  the  graves,  in  Judah's  plains 

The  dewy  drops  will  gleam — 

Lost  is  not  our  hope  of  yore,  etc. 
VIIL 

While  yet  the  love  of  land  and  flag 

Will  stir  the  Hebrew's  breast, 
Hoping  we  will  never  lag 

And  God  will  grant  us  rest! 

Lost  is  not  our  hope  of  yore. 
Our  olden  hope  and  blest: 

To  return  to  our  land  once  more. 
Where  our  sires  rest! 


April,  1903.]  THE   MACCABvEAN.  195 


A  Jewish  Girl 

By  ROSALIE  SHEINFELD 

[In  these  days  of  the  young  and  personal  spirit  in  literature,  when  the  autobiographical, 
self-confessional  and  analytical  are  so  much  to  the  fore,  the  following  contribution  should  be 
welcomed  by  our  readers.  "A  Jewish  Girl"  is  published  exactly  as  it  was  written  by  the 
authoress,  a  child  of  fourteen,  the  daughter  of  the  Rabbi  of  a  Milwaukee  congregation. 
The  Editor  during  a  visit  to  that  city  was  forcibly  impressed  by  the  mental  analysis  betrayed 
in  ordinary  conversation  by  Miss  Sheinfeld  and  after  some  persuasion  was  permitted  to  read 
her  copybook  of  MS.  In  this  chapter  of  personal  thoughts  the  same  philosophic  spirit 
is  betrayed  in  a  most  notable  fashion,  and  the  clearness,  precision  and  exactness  of  language 
will  undoubtedly  be  the  subject  of  comment  of  all  students  of  literature.  The  young  authoress 
is  modest  enough  not  to  value  her  effort,  and  the  publication  of  it  has  been  engaged  upon  not 
to  induce  further  precocity,  but  simply  to  spur  her  to  further  study,  and  in  hope  that  this  young 
feminine  intelligence  will  be  afforded  the  means  of  a  scientific  university  training. — Ed. 
Maccab^an.] 

te^  NNETTE  ROGOFF  was  born  in  a  small  Russian  village  of  Jewish  parent- 
Y^A  3.ge.  While  yet  a  child  she  had  shown  signs  of  an  unusual  intellect,  yet 
p     f      she  was  no  genius. 

At  an  early  age  she  was  brought  to  America,  where  she  received  a  grammar 
school  education,  as  many  other  Jewish  children  in  her  position  have  received. 

There  was  no  one  who  really  understood  her  character ;  her  parents  thought 
her  a  clever,  wild  young  person,  who  could  reach  success  if  she  so  willed,  but  who 
had  no  ambition. 

To  her  friends  she  was  merely  an  ordinary  girl,  wild  and  strong-headed. 

In  appearance  and  character  she  was  odd  enough ;  nothing  about  her  sug- 
gesting harmony ;  her  hair  a  golden  brown  when  the  sun  shone  upon  it,  bringing 
out  its  latent  gold,  but  at  other  times  merely  brown. 

Her  eyes  were  dark  and  brilliant,  with  a  liquid  magnetism  about  them  which 
attracted  the  observant,  alluring  him  to  notice  further  the  owner  of  such  eyes ;  her 
brow  was  of  great  height — a  sign  of  high  intelligence ;  but  Annette  herself  knew 
she  had  no  genius,  and  moreover  no  strong  will ;  she  was  ambitious,  but  her  will 
was  not  strong  enough  to  succeed  without  compulsion. 

Her  character  was  formed  of  vanity,  pride,  passion ;  each  a  sin  in  itself. 

In  her  nature  were  wild,  passionate  traits,  which  made  her  uncontrollable — 
this  was  Annette  in  her  childhood,  but  as  she  became  older  many  defects  of  her 
character  were  remedied.  She  was  no  more  wild  and  passionate ;  years  of  self-dis- 
cipline had  given  her  sufficient  self-control  to  suppress  her  untamable  nature. 

Now  she  appeared  as  meek  and  chaste  as  a  real  Jewish  daughter  should  be, 
except  at  times  when  the  tigress  in  her  was  let  loose  and  then  those  around  her 
had  better  beware. 

Instead  of  wild  and  wayward  now  she  was  dreamy — dreaming  of  what  she 
might  have  been  if  chance  had  only  placed  her  differently ;    if  instead  of  being  the 


1 


194 


THE  MACCAB^AN.  [April,  1903 


daughter  of  a  poor  Jew,  who  toiled  hard  for  his  living,  she  would  have  been  placed 
by  chance,  in  some  cultured,  refined  home  surrounded  by  people  whose  ideas 
were  noble,  whose  thoughts  great. 

On  the  other  hand,  there  came  upon  her  a  kind  of  self-contempt  for  wasting 
her  thoughts  on  "  the  what  might  have  beens,"  Why  should  she  not  win  a  vic- 
tory over  chance,  pave  the  way  for  herself,  get  out  of  this  narrow  life,  go  out  into 
the  world,  win  her  way.  But,  ah,  here  was  the  trouble ;  she  had  no  self-confidence 
and  in  her  mind  rose  the  doubt  whether  "  the  game  was  worth  the  candle," 
whether  in  her  was  a  latent  power  which  could  be  made  to  appear  or  whether  her 
mind  was  only  a  mirage — ^reflecting  what  it  did  not  contain.  At  times  the  thought 
of  her  parents  moved  her  on,  but  then  came  the  cynical  thought,  Is  it  not  natural 
for  parents  to  admire  their  offspring? 

She  lived  among  the  poor  and  uncultured  of  her  nation,  far,  far  away  from 
culture  and  refinement ;  the  coarse  life  around  her  was  irritating  to  her  sensitive 
nature.  Her  life  was  very  lonely.  Her  nature,  thoughts  and  ambitions  were  not 
in  sympathy  with  those  around  her. 

The  young  people  regarded  her  as  a  proud,  dry  kind  of  a  bookworm,  who 
never  entered  into  the  fun  at  parties — who  would  not  be  sociable  but  could  only 
talk  books. 

What  in  the  iworld  that  girl  could  see  in  books  they  could  not  understand, 
and  especially  the  books  she  read — not  the  ones  that  have  heroes  and  heroines 
with  golden  hair  and  blue  eyes,  who  were  nice  and  agreeable,  having  delightful 
little  quarrels  but  always  ending  happily. 

But  she  read  history,  biography  and  all  books  of  that  style.  What  did  they 
care  for  the  glorious  past  with  its  mouldering  hopes  and  ambitions?  Or  the 
brilliant  prophecies  of  the  future. 

They  lived  only  in  the  present,  confined  to  the  narrow  sphere  in  which  they 
moved.  « 

At  times  Annette  would  think  that  all  her  thoughts  were  folly ;  what  would 
they  bring  to  her  but  discontent  and  unhappiness.  Why  not  be  like  those  around 
her,  not  dreaming  of  the  past,  thinking  of  the  future,  not  to  look  above  her,  not  to 
long  for  what  she  could  not  attain,  but  to  be  content  with  her  lot,  put  her  books 
away  and  instead  think  more  of  her  clothes,  her  complexion  (philosophy  proves 
fatal  to  feminine  vanity),  would  it  not  be  better  for  her  to  be  able  to  solve  the 
problems  of  the  body  and  not  of  the  soul  ? 

Why  could  she  not  accept  the  invitation  to  dance  when  a  lanky  young  He- 
brew, dressed  in  the  pink  of  fashion,  and  with  several  compliments  (learned  by 
heart)  at  his  tongue's  end,  sued  for  the  honor? 

And  when  another  told  her  of  the  money  he  made  by  his  shrewdness  in  sell- 
ing old  clothes,  why  didn't  she  look  pleased  ? 

But  this  she  could  not  do,  her  nature  revolted  against  such  men,  against  such 
a  worid,  having  once  been  initiated  into  a  higher  sphere  she  could  not  descend 
into  the  lower. 

Life  showed  her  only  its  sadness,  its  pathos,  not  its  joys  (life  has  few  joys 
for  all,  but  for  the  Jew  it  has  only  sorrow). 


April,  1903.]  THE   MACCAB^AN. 195 

In  the  ball-room,  where  the  lights  were  brightly  shining,  the  music  playing 
and  all  around  her  being  whirled  in  the  mazes  of  the  dance,  she  alone  was  sad. 
she  saw  not  the  light ;  for  her  it  seemed  that  these  dancers  were  dancing  away 
their  lives,  that  soon,  very  soon,  they  would  be  danced  away  by  the  whirl  of  time 
into  the  great  beyond.  Others  would  dance  to  the  same  music,  in  the  same  place, 
but  not  noticing  their  foot-prints.  Ah,  this  was  too  sad.  She  must  "  tak  a 
thought  au  men."  Do  something  for  these  poor  dancers,  make  them  dance  a 
truer,  a  nobler  dance,  so  that  their  foot-prints  be  deeper,  be  more  enduring.  And 
while  the  music  was  playing  she  was  swayed  by  its  influence.  Her  real  life  was 
far,  far  awav ;  no  more  was  she  doing  menial  tasks,  contending  against  the  winds 
of  poverty ;  she  was  a  princess  great  and  mighty,  having  it  in  her  power  to  make 
them  happy,  and  in  that  moment  she  was  equal  to  doing  any  task.  But  the  music 
had  ceased,  the  lights  were  out  and  all  again  was  stern  reality.  But  in  her  heart 
beat  a  new  hope,  if  she  could  not  bring  herself  down  to  their  level,  could  she  not 
bring  them  up  to  hers  ? 

Could  she  not  instill  some  of  her  ideas  into  them,  teach  them  that  life  has  in 
it  some  other  aim  than  the  mere  satisfying  of  the  material  nature,  that  the  joys 
of  the  spirit  are  more  varied,  higher  and  nobler. 

Her  power  was  small  and  her  will  weak.  Could  she  then  so  young  and  ig- 
norant, afifect  anything  among  such  a  wild  unruly  mass.  Ah,  she  was  a  mere 
dreamer,  an  idealist. 

At  times  there  came  thoughts  into  her  mind  as  sacrilegious  as  they  were 
foreign  to  her  Jewish  nature.    She  was  almost  on  the  brink  of  atheism. 

The  religion  practiced  by  those  around  her  was  not  of  the  kind  to  inspire  her 
wild,  passionate  character — their  explanations  of  God's  judgment,  how  mean, 
how  small,  they  conceived  Him  to  be. 

Was  He  really  as  small  and  petty  as  they  pictured  Him.  The  narrowness  of 
the  belief  oppressed  her.  If  man  was  weak,  God  is  strong.  And,  if  many  fell  into 
temptation  would  he  not  forgive  them?  Was  there  a  life  beyond,  or  was  she 
merely  living  the  life  of  an  animal — here  to-day,  gone  to-morrow,  leaving  no 
trace  beyond  here,  save  in  the  grave-yard ;  was  this  what  life's  struggles  and  toils 
amounte'd  to  ?    All  strivings,  sorrow,  repentance,  end  in  the  grave. 

No !  No  more  would  she  seek  to  benefit  her  race — those  cold  fanatical  be- 
ings with  their  straight-laced  piety.  She  would  again  be  wild  and  free.  While 
these  thoughts  were  in  her  mind  the  Day  of  Atonement  was  drawing  near  and 
she  could  not  but  be  impressed  by  its  solemnity.  Enemies  were  forgiven,  parents 
were  blessing  their  children,  the  poor  were  provided  for,  all  was  peace. 

On  the  eve  of  Atonement  the  candles  were  lighted,  the  peace  around  giving 
them  a  mellowness,  a  softness,  unlike  their  usual  lurid  flame,  casting  a  peaceful 
repentant  shade  upon  all. 

Her  mother  was  clothed  in  white.  On  her  rather  common  face  was  an  holy 
calm  expression  as  if  she  were  at  peace  with  God  and  the  world. 

She  had  not  been  to  the  synagogue  on  the  eve  of  Atonement  for  years,  but 
something  moved  her  to  go  this  evening. 

When  she  entered  the  synagogue  she  was  at  once  affected  by  the  scene. 


196  THE   MACCAB.EAN.  [April,  1903. 

The  men  were  clothed  in  their  grave  clothes  made  of  pure  white,  the  lights 
were  dimly  lighted,  the  chantor  was  singing  Kol  Nidre,  that  beautiful  hymn 
handed  down  to  us  by  the  Spanish  Jews — those  Jews  who  suffered  and  bled  for 
their  religion.  What  a  magic  power  this  music  had.  Gradually  she  was  suc- 
cumbing to  its  charm.  Soft  and  low,  with  a  weird,  wild  yearning  strain  in  it,  it 
seemed  an  apt  song  for  these  sons  of  captivity.  Every  note  softened  her  heart. 
Her  soul  was  filled  with  a  peace  it  had  never  before  known.  What  was  success, 
ambition;  what  was  aught  but  love  for  her  fellow  beings? 

Tears  filled  her  eyes — tears  of  joy;  all  around  her  were  glorified.  This  mys- 
tic scene  with  its  weird  music,  its  white-robed  supplicating  figures,  its  pathos,  ac- 
corded well  with  her.  The  Jewish  nature  (though  often  repressed)  has  in  it  love 
of  mystery — longing  for  the  unknown  (from  what  sprang  the  Caballah). 

The  chanters  (chasan)  voice  was  becoming  more  weird  and  more  thrilling, 
higher  and  higher  it  rose  and  more  imploring,  begging  of  them  to  repent  and  sin 
no  more. 

And  this  was  the  religion  which  she  had  thought  narrow,  cold  and  unforgiv- 
ing. How  could  it  be  cold  if  it  moved  its  worshippers  to  such  piety,  such  forgive- 
ness. Music  is  the  voice  of  nature,  it  expresses  our  inmost  thoughts  and  ambi- 
tions. Cold  people  have  music  which  is  high  and  brilliant  but  lacking  soul,  but 
this  music  was  low  and  soft,  weird,  with  strains  of  melancholy  supplication,  which 
moved  the  soul  on  to  nobler  heights. 

She  had  sinned  in  her  thoughts,  sinned  in  her  actions,  and  amid  the  shining 
of  lights  and  the  tears  of  those  around  she  solemnly  resolved  to  follow  the  mourn- 
ful refrain  of  the  hymn  (Kol  Nidre)  to  go  and  sin  no  more,  become  a  good,  not 
great  woman. 

Now,  at  last,  she  understood  the  history  of  her  people,  Israel,  "  The  chosen 
of  God."  To  the  world  they  seemed  cold,  reserved,  and  so  they  were.  Years  of 
oppression  had  caused  them  to  appear  other  than  they  were  except  in  their  house 
of  worship,  where,  unseen,  they  could  pour  out  their  souls  in  yearning  words  to 
their  Maker,  regret  their  years  of  folly,  gather  strength  for  the  strife  of  the  com- 
ing year. 

And  now,  she  understood  it  all.  Israel  was  too  holy  to  flaunt  herself  before 
the  cold  eyes  of  a  scornful  world,  and  what  the  music  in  the  ball-room  had  failed 
to  do,  religion  had  done. 

Strengthened  and  comforted  she  returned  home,  not  to  wild  yearning  and 
regrets,  but  to  read  and  study  the  history  of  her  people,  for  whilst  she  had  read 
much  of  the  history  of  other  people,  she  had  neglected  the  story  of  her  own  race. 
And  as  she  read  she  pondered ;  she  lent  her  mind  to  comparisons. 

Were  their  histories,  whose  pages  were  reeking  with  blood  and  barbarity, 
better  than  hers,  whose  every  line  was  rich  with  noble  deeds  and  sacrifices ;  the 
blood  on  her  history's  pages  were  those  of  martyrdom? 

Her  being  was  filled  with  sympathy  for  her  poor  oppressed  brethren.  What 
other  nation  would  have  had  the  nobility  of  mind  and  strength  of  character  to 
hold  out  against  such  oppression,  such  torture— yet  come  out  pure  and  unsullied. 

But  why  could  not  her  nation  in  reality  be  as  in  days  of  old.    Israel  was  not 


April,  1903.] 


THE   MACCABiEAN. 


197 


I 


vet  dead.  He  needed  only  to  be  taken  back  to  his  own  soil  and  there  he  would 
revive.  In  him  was  yet  life  and  soul,  which  after  the  dust  of  centuries  was  droop- 
ing, but  he  yet  could  be  made  to  bloom  as  in  days  of  old. 


THE    DROWNING    OF    PHARAOH 
From  an  Early  17th  Century  Wcodcut 


198  THE    MACCAByEAN.  [April,  1903. 

Oldncwland* 

By  Dr.  THEODOR  HERZL 

Book  m 

THE  LAND   OF   BLOOM 

Chapter  V 

THERE  was  not  sufficient  room  in  the  small  villa  which  the  elder  Litvak  had 
hired,  where  his  wife  was  undergoing  the  cure,  to  accommodate  all  the 
guests.  Only  Miriam  resided  with  them.  David  and  his  friends  occupied 
rooms  in  a  hotel  near  the  springs.  The  baggage  had  been  sent  there,  and  they 
repaired  to  their  rooms  to  get  rid  of  the  dust  of  travel.  Everything  was  in  order  and 
readiness  for  them.  In  the  hall  of  the  hotel  they  were  received  in  a  very  friendly 
manner  by  an  old  lady  and  two  gentlemen.  David  introduced  the  visitors.  The 
lady  was  an  American  Jewess,  Mrs.  Gothland.  There  was  something  so  sweet  in 
her  character  that  everyone  was  immediately  impressed  by  her.  Her  gray  hairs  did 
not  conceal  her  natural  vivacity. 

Of  the  two  gentlemen  one  was  dressed  in  a  long,  seamless,  pocketless  cloak 
common  to  the  Anglican  clergy.  He  was  the  Rev.  William  H.  Hopkins,  cure  of 
the  souls  of  the  English  church  congregation  of  Jerusalem.  He  had  a  long, 
white,  prophet-like  beard,  and  beautiful  blue,  dreamy  eyes.  To  his  surprise,  he 
greeted  Mr.  Kingscourt  most  heartily,  but  mistook  the  old  man  for  a  Jew  at  first. 
The  other  gentleman  in  Mrs.  Gothland's  company  was  the  architect's  brother, 
Steineck,  professor  of  bacteriology,  a  jolly,  ripe  and  confident  scholar,  who  spoke 
as  loudly  as  though  he  were  ever  addressing  an  audience  hard  of  hearing.  Gen- 
erally, in  five  minutes'  conversation,  he  quarreled  with  his  brother,  although  they 
idolized  each  other.    It  was  so  on  this  occasion. 

The  architect  had  introduced  the  strangers  and  suggested  that  they  should 
visit  the  Institute  Steineck,  the  renowned  work  place  of  his  brother. 

The  professor  objected  and  shouted,  "  I  am  ready,  do  you  understand?  But 
there  is  nothing  to  be  seen  at  my  place,  nothing  worth  while :  a  house  with  a  num- 
ber of  rooms  and  guinea-pig  stalls.  In  each  room  there  is  one  man  who  is  experi- 
menting. That  is  all.  You  understand?  My  brother  always  puts  me  in  these 
predicaments." 

Mrs.  Gothland  laughed.  "  The  gentlemen  will  not  believe  you.  Thc-y  know 
that  your  institution  is  worth  seeing." 

The  professor  laughed  in  return,  loudly  enough  to  shake  the  hall.  "  False ! 
Do  you  want  to  see  microbes  ?  It  is  the  character  of  microbes  that  you  cannot 
see  them  with  your  eyes  merely.  Very  fine  things  worth  seeing!  Besides,  you 
know  my  viewpoint.  I  don't  believe  in  microbes.  They  help  you  and  attack  you. 
You  understand  ?  " 

"  No !  "  exclaimed  Kingscourt,  aroused.  "  I  don't  understand  a  word. 
Seems  to  me  a  kind  of  chemical  kitchen.    What  do  you  cook  there,  professor?  " 

•  Copyright.  190a.  by  the  Federation  of  American  Zionists,  for  Dr.  Theodor  Hertl.    All  rights  reserved.    Published 

October  15.  1902. 


April,  1903.]  THE  MACCAB^EAN.  199 

The  professor  answered  good-naturedly.  "  Pest,  cholera,  tuberculosis,  puer- 
peral fever,  hydrophobia,  diphtheria,  malaria." 

"The  devil!" 

"  He  means  the  cure  of  these  enemies  of  humanity.  But  we  won't  ask  your 
permission  and  will  visit  the  institute  without  you.  Strangers  of  distinction  are 
not  refused  admission.    Someone  will  take  care  of  us,"  said  Mrs.  Gothland. 

"  Halt !  "  shouted  the  professor.  "  Then,  in  God's  name,  I  will  go  with  you. 
Otherwise  you  will  knock  up  against  my  stupid  assistants,  who  will  give  you 
streptococci  bacillus  instead  of  cholera  bacillus.    You  understand  ?  " 

"  Not  a  word,"  said  Kingscourt. 

The  company  rested  for  a  time.  The  architect  had  brought  with  him  a  plan 
of  a  new  English  hospital  which  was  to  be  erected  in  the  neighborhood  of  Jerusa- 
lem for  discussion  with  the  Rev.  Hopkins. 

Mrs.  Litvak  had  to  look  after  little  Fritz.  David  begged  to  be  excused  as 
he  had  to  visit  the  Franciscan  monastery  in  order  to  fetch  Father  Ignace,  who  was 
to  take  part  in  the  evening  celebration.  It  was  arranged  that  they  should  all  meet 
at  supper  in  the  villa  of  the  Litvak  family,  and  Mrs.  Gothland  undertook  to  bring 
the  gentlemen  there  punctually.  So  she  escorted  Kingscourt,  Friedrich,  Reschid 
Bey  and  the  professor  to  the  Institute  Steineck,  which  was  reached  within  a  quar- 
ter of  an  hour. 

It  was  erected  on  the  southern  extremity  of  the  lake  shore  and  was  hidden  by 
the  spur  of  the  hill.    It  was  a  magnificent  structure. 

The  professor  explained.  "  We  do  not  require  a  large  building  for  our  pur- 
poses. Microbes  don't  take  up  much  space.  The  stalls  and  sties  you  can  see 
over  there.    I  use  many  horses  and  other  animals  ?  " 

"  Ah,  you  ride  a  great  deal,"  said  Kingscourt.  "  I  understand.  You  ride  in 
this  beautiful  district." 

"  What  do  you  want  of  the  neighborhood?  "  shouted  Professor  Steineck.  "  I 
use  the  horses,  the  asses  and  the  dogs,  in  short,  the  whole  of  my  menagerie,  for 
the  manufacture  of  serum.  I  produce  a  great  amount  of  these  remedies.  The 
stalls  run  right  out  to  where  you  see  that  building  for  the  manufacture  of  air." 

"  Wha-at !  "  said  Kingscourt.  "  Excuse  me,  horse  poisoner.  You  don't 
mean  to  tell  me  that  you  manufacture  air  here  ?  There  is  plenty  of  air  here,  and 
very  fine  breathing  air." 

"  Naturally,  I  mean  liquid  air,  Mr.  Kingscourt.    Understand  ?  " 

"  Oh !  I  understand  that.  I  heard  about  that  before  I  left  America.  You 
have  introduced  that  industry  here." 

"  That  and  every  other  one.  In  fact,  we  have  a  prestige  for  our  refrigerating 
works.  We  have  a  warm  country  from  here  to  below  the  Jordan.  It  is  warm  all 
the  year  around.  That  is  the  reason  we  introduced  the  refrigerating  industry. 
Understand?  They  have  the  best  ovens  in  the  cold  climates,  but  in  Italy  you 
freeze  in  the  winter.  So  we  knew  how  to  combat  warmth  here  with  ice.  For  in- 
stance, you  go  into  a  house  in  the  hottest  time  of  the  year  and  you  will  see  an  ice 
block  in  the  middle  of  every  room.  Those  who  like  to  pay  a  little  more,  buy  a 
flower  wreath  of  ice  and  use  it  as  a  decoration  at  dinner." 


THE  MACCAB^AN.  [April,  1903. 


"  I  know,"  said  Kingscourt.  "  I  saw  that  trick  of  flowers  in  ice  blocks  at 
the  Paris  Exposition  in  1900." 

"  Oh,  I  don't  want  to  tell  you  anything  new.  We  have  made  use  of  all  the 
ideas,  but  cooling  material  has  been  made  popular,  and,  owing  to  the  competition, 
is  sold  to  the  masses  at  very  cheap  rates.  The  poorer  people  cannot,  of  course, 
spend  the  hot  season  in  the  Lebanon  range.  The  poor  European  is  in  the  same 
position,  but  science  has  taught  us  how  to  make  conditions  more  comfortable 
wherever  we  may  be.  Understand?  With  the  aid  of  our  technically  educated 
youth  and  our  natural  enterprise  we  have  brought  all  forms  of  industry  here. 
You  saw  the  cosmopolitan  drift  of  all  industry  in  your  time.  Why  didn't  we  have 
everything  that  we  could  have  ?  The  earth  is  full  of  wealth  if  we  only  know  how- 
to  get  it  out.  Chemical  industries  are  very  prosperous  here  because  they  arc 
easy  to  transport.  Mr.  Kingscourt,  did  you,  in  the  last  century,  study  cliem- 
istry  at  a  university  ?" 

"  No.    It  so  happened  I  didn't." 

"  If  you  had  you  would  have  heard  what  was  said  there  of  the  wealth  of  Pal- 
estine. Reschid  Bey,  who  obtained  his  doctorate  of  chemistry  in  Germany,  can 
tell  you  about  it." 

"  You  put  me  in  a  predicament.  Professor,  when  you  ask  me  to  pour  out  a 
little  science  in  your  presence,"  said  Reschid.  "  Every  student  of  chemistry  knev/ 
twenty  years  ago  that  the  earth  of  Palestine  was  extremely  rich.  The  Jordan 
valley  and  the  Dead  Sea  were  held  up  as  examples  in  the  schools.  A  German 
chemist  wrote  of  the  Dead  Sea  in  the  last  century:  '  This  water  valley,  so  mucli 
below  the  sea  level,  is  deeply  impregnated  with  salt  and  abounds  in  asphalt  on  a 
scale  which  is  to  be  met  with  nowhere  else.'  When  you  visit  our  hydraulic  power 
houses  you  will  see  what  use  we  have  made  of  this  deep  water  valley  and  the  Med- 
iterranean. But  it  is  in  another  town  and  you  will  see  it  later  on.  All  I  want  to 
say  is  that  the  Dead  Sea  water  contains  a  saline  quality  only  to  be  met  with  in 
Stassfurt.  No  doubt  you  heard  of  the  Stassfurter  alkali  works  which  dominated 
the  commercial  world.    Our  factories  at  the  Dead  Sea  are  still  larger." 

"  Remarkable  !  "  said  Kingscourt. 

"Not  at  all,"  said  Reschid  Bey,  smiling;  "it  is  quite  easy  to  understand. 
What  they  knew  at  Stassfurt  is  known  at  the  Dead  Sea.  Our  water  is  richer  in 
chemicals,  the  water  is  full  of  bromide  and  you  know  what  an  expensive  thing 
that  is.  Yes,  we  get  life  out  of  what  was  chaos  and  dead.  In  the  Jordan  valley 
and  the  Dead  Sea  we  get  the  bituminous  alkali  which  makes  the  best  asphalt  in 
the  world.  The  German  chemist  Elschner  noted  in  his  time  that  the  geological 
formation  of  the  district  suggested  the  existence  of  petroleum.  That  has  been 
proved  to  be  true.  Brimstone  and  phosphorus  are  here  in  great  quantities,  and 
you  know  to  what  great  uses  phosphates  are  put.  We  compete  in  this  with  the 
Tunesian  and  Algerian  centers,  and  they  can  get  at  the  chemical  more  easily  than 
the  Americans  can  in  Florida.  This  artificial  manure  has,  of  course,  played  a 
great  part  in  the  revival  of  the  productive  character  of  the  soil.  But  I  suppose 
Mrs,  Gothland  must  be  weary  of  this  talk." 

"  Not  at  all,"  said  Mrs.  Gothland,  in  a  pleasant  tone. 


April,  1903.]  THE   MACCABiEAN, 


The  Professor  took  up  the  thread  of  the  conversation.  "  In  modern  hfe 
there  is  a  union  between  industry  and  agriculture.  Understand?  Everything 
belongs  to  everything.  It  wants  the  spirit  of  enterprise  and  science  to  bind  them 
together.  I  myself,  as  you  see  me,  although  I  am  an  ass  of  scholarship,  I  create 
for  industry  and  agriculture." 

"  Can  you  explain  that,  most  respected  searcher  of  microbes  ?  " 

Steineck  was  quite  pleased  with  the  adjective,  "  You  shall  have  it.  It  was  a 
well-known  bacteriological  fact  that  the  taste  of  certain  cheeses,  the  aroma  of 
certain  tobaccos,  is  created  by  certain  micro-organisms  whose  existence  I  wor- 
ried. So  in  our  institute  we  have  devoted  ourselves  to  the  study  of  these  points  in 
order  to  provide  the  cheese  manufacturers  and  the  tobacco  planters  with  the  mi- 
crobes that  would  add  to  the  delicate  flavor  of  their  products.  We  now  supply 
cheeses  with  the  best  Swiss  and  French  flavor,  and  in  the  warm  Jordan  valley  we 
grow  tobacco  that  is  equal  to  the  best  Havana." 

And  with  this  he  led  his  guests  to  the  laboratory  of  the  institute,  which  was 
built  in  imitation  of  the  Pastuer  Institute  at  Paris.  The  many  assistants  did  not 
allow  themselves  to  be  afTected  by  the  visitors  and  worked  quietly  at  their  test 
glasses,  microscopes  and  other  instruments,  after  they  had  politely,  but  icily,  an- 
swered the  questions  put  to  them. 

He  rebuked  one  of  his  pupils.  "  Let  me  alone,  Professor.  I  have  no  time 
for  such  questions.    Otherwise  the  fellow  will  again  escape  me." 

Steineck  quietly  withdrew  his  friends  from  the  room.  Outside  he  said,  "  He 
is  quite  right.      The, fellow  is  a  bacillus.    Understand?" 

He  led  them  to  his  own  laboratory,  which  was  as  simply  arranged  as  that 
of  his  assistants.    "  This  is  where  I  work." 

"  At  what,  if  one  may  ask  ?  "  said  Friedrich. 

A  dreamy  expression  passed  over  the  Professor's  face.  "  At  the  develop- 
ment of  Africa." 

The  visitors  believed  that  they  did  not  hear  correctly,  or  that  the  Professor 
was  joking. 

Kingscourt  repeated  with  an  earnest  gaze,  "  You  say  at  the  development  of 
Africa?" 

"  Yes,  Mr.  Kingscourt.  I  hope  to  find  a  preventive  of  malaria.  Here  in 
Palestine  we  have  practically  succeeded,  thanks  to  the  clearing  of  the  swamps, 
the  canalization  of  the  country  and  the  planting  of  the  eucalyptus.  Conditions 
are  far  different  in  Africa.  You  cannot  get  the  same  results  there  because  there 
is  no  wholesale  immigration.  The  white  man,  the  colonist,  sinks  to  the  ground. 
Africa  can  only  be  influenced  by  culture  when  malaria  has  been  made  harmless. 
Then  only  will  enormous  tracts  of  country  be  open  for  the  surplus  population  of 
European  states.    Understand?  " 

Kingscourt  laughed.  "  You  want  to  put  the  white  man  into  the  black  man's 
country,  sir  magician." 

Steineck  responded  earnestly,  "  Not  only  the  white,  but  the  black.  There  is 
still  an  unsolved  problem  of  a  people's  misfortune,  the  full  intensity  of  which 
only  a  Jew  can  realize.     That  is  the  negro  question.     Don't  laugh,  Mr.  Kings- 


202  THE   MACCABvEAN.  [April,  1903. 

court.  Think  of  the  grewsome  horrors  of  the  slave  trade.  Human  beings,  even 
if  they  are  black,  ought  not  to  be  robbed,  led  and  sold,  as  though  they  were  ani- 
mals. The  succeeding  generation  suffer  from  hatred  and  contempt  because  of 
the  variation  in  the  color  of  their  skins.  I  am  not  ashamed  to  say,  even  if  you 
think  it  is  laughable,  that  after  I  have  witnessed  the  return  of  the  Jews,  T  would 
like  to  aid  in  preparing  for  the  return  of  the  negro." 

"  Don't  blunder,"  said  Kingscourt.  "  I  am  not  laughing ;  on  the  contrary, 
it  is  a  great  idea.  Devil  seize  me !  You  show  me  horizons  of  which  I  did  not 
even  dream." 

"  That  is  why  I  am  working  at  the  development  of  Africa.  Every  nation 
should  have  a  home ;  then  they  will  be  better  disposed  toward  each  other.  Then 
the  different  human  elements  will  love  and  understand  one  another  better.  Do 
you  understand  ?  " 

Mrs.  Gothland,  in  the  softest  voice,  expressed  what  the  others  thought. 
"  Professor  Steineck,  God  bless  you." 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Though  they  had  started  out  in  a  happy  mood,  the  visitors  of  the  Steineck 
Institute  were  most  curiously  impressed  on  their  return  home.  As  they  were 
passing  the  bathing  resort,  Reschid  Bey  suggested,  and  they  all  agreed  to  spend 
half  an  hour  listening  to  the  music  in  the  "  Kurhaus  "  garden.  They  left  their 
car  and  entered. 

The  gardens  were  crowded  with  the  crowd  common  to  a  bathing  resort,  con- 
cert goers  and  elegant  ladies  who  sat  under  the  palms  on  iron  chairs,  examined 
the  passers  by,  gossiped  and  flirted. 

Kingscourt  fixed  the  picture  in  his  grim  way.  "  So  !-^at  last  the  Jewesses 
with  the  diamonds !  I  was  getting  quite  anxious  about  it.  I  thought  the  whole 
thing  a  huge  joke,  and  we  were  not  in  Jew-land.  Now  I  see  it  is  true.  There  are 
the  big  feathered  hats,  the  smart  silk  dresses,  the  bejewelled  Jewess.  I  don't 
mean  it  badly,  Mrs.  Gothland.    You  are  another  number." 

Mrs.  Gothland  did  not  get  angry,  and  Professor  Steineck  laughed  thunder- 
ously. "  Doesn't  put  us  out,  Mr.  Kingscourt.  Such  remarks  could  hurt  us  in  form- 
er times,  but  not  now.  Understand?  Formerly  the  promenading  youths, the  newly 
rich  and  the  bejewelled  Jewesses  were  regarded  as  the  representatives  of  the 
Jews.  Now  one  knows  that  there  are  also  other  Jews.  You  may  talk  as  much 
scandal  as  you  like,  old  stranger.    When  it  gets  darker,  I  also  scandalize." 

As  they  passed  through  the  central  walk  of  the  grounds,  the  little  smiling 
company  was  much  noticed.  The  Professor  officially  knew  everybody,  and 
therefore  everybody  noticed  his  companions.  To  avoid  the  curious,  the  Pro- 
fessor led  his  friends  into  a  bypath ;  but  here  they  came  upon  a  circle  of  ladies 
and  gentlemen  gossiping  at  full  speed. 

One  sprang  up  toward  Friedrich  and  greeted  him  loudly.  "  Doctor ! 
Doctor!  Of  whom  do  you  think  we  have  been  talking  all  the  time?  Well- 
guess  !    About  you !    I  am  very  happy !  " 


April,  1903.]  THE   MACCAB^AN.  203 

The  delighted  individual  was  Herr  Schiffmann.  He  introduced  Friedrich  to 
the  whole  group,  gave  him  a  chair  and  forced  him  to  sit  down.  It  all  happened 
so  quickly  that  if  Friedrich  were  incapable  of  surprise,  he  would  still  have  been 
moved,  for  the  surprise  was  that  he  unexpectedly  stood  in  front  of  the  sweetheart 
of  his  youth,  Ernestine  Loeffler.  She  greeted  him  with  a  glance  and  a  smile  be- 
fore she  spoke,  but  he  could  find  no  words. 

Meanwhile,  Schiflfmann  was  drawing  the  other  visitors  nearer,  very  much 
like  a  seller  of  old  clothes  attracting  customers.  The  Professor  was  not  in  a 
mood  to  accept  the  invitation,  but  Kingscourt  pointed  out  that  they  could  not 
leave  Friedrich  to  such  an  assault.  "  Caught  in  the  same  net,  we  should  share 
the  same  fate." 

Schififmann  laughed  boisterously  over  this  attitude  of  endearment.  He 
dragged  chairs  over  and  introduced  the  rest  of  the  company.  Mr.,  Mrs.  and  Miss 
Schlesinger,  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Walter,  Mrs.  and  Miss  Weinburger,  Mr.  Grun,  Mr. 
Blau  and  Mr.  Weinburger. 

Friedrich  saw  and  heard  everything  through  a  cloud.  A  series  of  mixed 
pictures  passed  before  his  mind.  He  recalled  the  engagement  party  and  the 
house  of  Loefifler.  There  was  that  same  unbearable  company,  which  he  had  fled 
in  a  desperate  mood.  They  had  all  aged,  but  were  still  the  same.  Only  the 
young  ladies  denoted  another  generation.  The  eyes  of  one  young  girl  looked 
at  him  with  the  same  soft  light  as  his  old  sweetheart.  He  heard  the  gossip  as  a 
soft  rumbling  sound,  so  was  he  deafened  by  old  memories.  Only  when  a 
pointed  question  was  put  to  him  did  he  awaken. 

Grun,  the  humorist,  addressed  him.  "  Well,  Dr.  Lowenberg,  how  do  you 
like  it?    Can't  you  find  words?    Perhaps  there  are  too  many  Jews  here." 

The  others  laughed.  Friedrich  answered,  "  Speaking  frankly,  you  are  the 
first  who  impresses  me  with  that  thought." 

"  Very  good,"  said  Schiflfmann,  laughing.  The  others  joined  in.  Friedrich 
noticed  then  that  his  answer  was  regarded  sarcastically, 

Herr  Grun,  however,  was  not  annoyed ;  and  Blau,  the  other  humorist,  de- 
termined to  say  something  at  his  rival's  expense. 

"  Grun  can  make  the  people  anti-Semitic  even  here." 

"  That  is  an  old  joke,  Blau,"  said  Dr.  Walter.  "  Thank  God  there  are  no 
anti-Semites  in  the  world." 

"  If  I  was  certain  about  that,"  rejoined  Blau,  "  I  would  start  in  that  busi- 
ness." 

Kingscourt  whispered  into  Steineck's  ear,  "  My  dear  Professor,  it  seems  to 
me  that  you  should  not  mention  your  negro  idea  in  this  company.  They  would 
ridicule  you." 

"  That  doesn't  say  anything  against  my  ideas,"  rejoined  Steineck.  "  This 
company  ridiculed  the  Jewish  national  idea  at  the  beginning.  They  are  the  last 
to  whom  I  would  tell  anything  that  is  great." 

Friedrich,  however,  responded  to  the  earlier  remark.  "  Is  it  true,"  he  asked, 
"  that  the  Judeophobia  has  been  abrogated  ?  " 

"  It  has  disappeared,"  said  Schlesinger. 


204 


THE   MACCAByEAN.  [April,  1903. 


"  No  one  can  reply  better  to  that,"  said  Blau,  "  than  Dr.  Viegelstock.  "  He 
behaved  like  a  captain.    He  was  the  last  to  leave  the  ship." 

The  lawyer  responded,  "  Blau,  I  will  take  you  by  the  ears  and  will  tell  you 
my  right  name.  My  name  is  Walter.  Now  and  for  all  time  take  notice  of  it. 
Although  I  was  never  ashamed  of  the  name  of  my  father,  formerly  one  had  to 
guard  against  prejudice  if  one  didn't  wish  to  be  aflfected  thereby." 

"  And  that  is  no  longer  necessary  ?  "  asked  Friedrich. 

"  No ;  as  Blau  has  put  it,  I  have  settled  here  only  recently.  That 
proves  that  I  did  not  come  here  from  necessity  but  from  desire." 

Grun  ptmned  at  the  expense  of  Dr.  Walter,  and  Blau  said  something  about 
the  want  of  clients  from  which  lawyers  suflfer. 

Dr.  Walter,  however,  related  for  his  own  part  what  impression  the  migra- 
tion of  so  many  Jews  from  Europe  had  led  to.  He,  Dr.  Walter,  had  always 
known  that  the  Zionist  idea  would  be  a  good  thing  for  those  who  went  to 
Palestine,  and  for  those  who  remained  behind.  He  was  one  of  the  first  to  recog- 
nize the  utility  of  this  movement,  and,  had  not  professional  relationships  pre- 
vented his  giving  free  rein  to  his  ideas,  he  would  have  devoted  all  his  ener- 
gies to  the  national  idea.  In  proof,  he  quoted  the  fact  that  he  had  employed 
a  poor  student  as  clerk  in  his  office  and  had  not  objected  when  he  discovered 
that  he  was  a  Zionist.  Also,  he  had  contributed  to  the  National  Fund  when  the 
collection  had  amounted  to  several  millions  sterling,  and  thus  the  total  sum 
created  a  sense  of  security. 

Ignoring  the  interjections  of  Blau,  he  continued.  The  Jews  who  had 
gone  to  Palestine  had  created  a  happy  homestead,  and  even  those  Jews  who 
remained  behind  in  their  homes  did  well.  They  were  freed  from  attack,  since 
Jewish  competition  had  become  weaker  or  disappeared  in  the  so-called  Judaized 
countries.  After  the  migration  of  the  Jews,  a  lighter  spirit  had  come  over 
social  circles.  Although  the  movement  had  been  one  of  the  poor,  it  had  affected 
society.  Those  who  had  nothing  to  lose  and  everything  to  gain  had  gone  to 
Oldnewland.  There  followed,  since  the  movement  was  voluntary,  those  who 
were  certain  that  the  exchange  of  countries  would  improve  their  position.  The 
thing  was,  in  fact,  very  clear.  Palestine  represented  a  world  wide  opportunity 
for  giving  bread  to  a  great  mass  of  poor  people  and  freedom  attracted  them. 
There  were  no  prohibitions  against  religion  or  nationality.  That  was  sufficient 
attraction. 

Then  all  the  Jewish  philanthropic  organizations  united.  Previously  the 
Jewish  organizations  had  been  troubled  with  the  wants  of  their  co-religionists ; 
for  every  Jewish  ailment  was  a  general  plague.  Whenever  Jews  could  not 
sustain  themselves  in  one  country  and  began  their  wretched  migrations,  they 
were  sent  from  one  community  to  another.  The  tramps  were  aided  and  with  no 
result,  and  all  the  charity  combined  did  not  tend  to  diminish  misery.  On  the 
contrary,  it  created  the  professional  beggar  and  resulted  in  a  kind  of  industry 
of  misery.  Zionism  presented  a  field  on  which  every  humanitarian  Jewish  idea 
could  meet.  All  the  Jewish  communities  assisted  in  the  migration  of  the  poor  to 
Palestine.    In  this  way,  they  got  rid  of  the  helpless  and  found  the  new  system 


April,  1903.]  THE  MACCABiEAN.  205 

cheaper  than  the  older  forms  of  migration.  Whoever  wished  to  do  something 
could  find  an  opportunity  in  Palestine.  And  all  those  who  thought  of  simply- 
being  lazy  and  scamps  were  cast  out.  Of  course,  at  the  beginning  there  were 
such  who  could  not  believe  such  an  immigration  of  the  masses  could  take  place. 
But  hadn't  there  been  previous  movements  of  hungry  people  in  the  history 
of  the  world?  Those  who  were  satiated  had  no  need  to  spread  the  boundaries 
of  culture.  The  satisfied  remained  at  home,  the  world  belonged  to  the  hungry. 
The  religiously  restless  Puritans  colonized  North  America.  The  fortune  seekers 
settled  in  India  or  South  Africa ;  and  where  was  there  a  colony  created  of  worse 
elements  than  Australia,  the  great,  blossoming  and  rich  Australia?  In  the 
beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century  it  was  a  despised  colony — a  penal  settlement. 
In  a  few  decades  it  had  become  a  great  state.  At  the  end  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury it  was  one  of  the  most  brilliant  jewels  in  the  British  crown. 

Men  like  himself,  continued  Dr.  Walter,  were  suflficiently  educated  not  to 
laugh  at  the  idea  that  the  masses  could  not  colonize.  If  prisoners  could  do  it 
in  Australia,  how  much  easier  would  it  be  for  the  pioneers  of  the  Jewish  people, 
who  were  inspired  by  a  hope  of  happiness  and  freedom  and  honor  for  the  whole 
nation,  as  a  result  of  their  efforts.  And  the  movement  had  the  advantage  of 
being  well  prepared  and  aided  by  engineers,  jurists  and  commercial  men.  Young 
men  who  could  not  succeed  owing  to  anti-Semitism  offered  their  services. 
Whereas  formerly,  educated  Jews,  when  they  left  the  universities,  the  technical 
high  schools  and  the  trade  schools  were  helpless ;  now,  they  immediately  obtained 
public  and  private  positions  in  Palestine. 

As  the  Jew  ceased  to  be  a  competitor  and  middleman,  the  economic  hatred 
and  envy  diminished.  More  than  that,  the  useful  capacities  of  the  Jews  began 
to  be  recognized  the  less  they  were  offered  in  the  market  place.  The  value  of 
the  service  increased,  and  it  was  the  old  law  of  supply  and  demand.  So  an  im- 
provement took  place  in  all  directions.  In  those  countries  where  they  would 
not  allow  all  the  Jews  to  migrate  a  more  friendly  feeling  prevailed.  Full  equality 
was  given  them;  not  merely  on  paper  but  in  actual  life  in  the  general  relation- 
ship in  ways  and  customs.  Inhibition  had  not  prevented  the  Jews  from  doing 
their  share  for  art  and  science,  trade  and  traffic;  but  now,  in  the  better  temper 
of  the  times,  the  great  emancipation  idea  became  powerful  in  every  state. 

Those  who  wished  to  assimilate  themselves  could  do  so  now  in  a  public 
and  open  manner.  A  good  number  who  wished  to  join  the  religion  of  the 
majority  could  do  so  without  being  doubted  in  all  directions,  because  there  were 
no  longer  meaner  ends  to  be  gained  by  withdrawing  from  Judaism.  On  the 
other  hand,  those  who  did  not  wish  to  be  at  one  with  other  people  in  religious 
matters  were  happy  that  they  could  boast  that  they  were  adherents  of  a  stalwart 
minority.  It  was  a  question  of  reciprocity.  The  Jews  had  proved  themselves 
tolerant  in  the  one  country  in  which  they  had  a  majority ;  the  majorities  every- 
where had  to  be  tolerant  to  the  Jewish  minorities. 

"  Therefore,"  said  Dr.  Walter  in  closing  his  lecture  with  a  glance  at  Pro- 
fessor Steineck,  "  therefore  I  am  a  supporter  and  advocate  of  the  ideas  which 


3o6  THE  MACCAB^AN.  [April,  1903. 

the  Litvak-Steineck  party  represent.  I  will  battle  unmoved  to  my  last  drop  of 
blood  for  those  ideas." 

Herr  Blau  offered  one  of  his  characteristic  interjections:  "Don't  forget, 
Professor,  to  inform  your  brother  of  that.  When  you  have  Dr.  Walter  on  your 
side  you  have  the  majority." 

The  lawyer  became  purple.    "  What  do  you  mean  to  say,  you you !  " 

"  Excuse  me,  nothing,"  said  the  humorist  with  a  bland  air.  "  I  have  never 
seen  you  otherwise  than  an  adherent  of  the  majority.  Therefore  one  can  always 
congratulate  the  party  which  you  support." 

"  If  you,  with  your  mean  humor,  wish  to  suggest  that  I  change  my  mind, 
I  laugh  at  you.  Every  sensible  person  becomes  sharper.  The  important  thing 
is  that  once  I  am  convinced  of  an  idea,  my  faith  in  it  is  unshakable." 

"  Oh,  yes,"  said  Herr  Grun,  keeping  his  fingers  on  his  ears.  "  I  understand 
that.  If  Dr.  Walter  has  a  conviction  he  supports  it  and  is  immovable;  but  if 
he  no  longer  has  the  conviction  or  has  come  to  another  one,  it  would  not  be 
characteristic  to  support  the  old  conviction  which  he  no  longer  maintains." 

Schlesinger,  who,  as  representative  of  Baron  von  Goldstein,  always  had  a 
certain  respect  paid  him  in  this  circle,  interfered  authoritatively  between  the  dis- 
putants. "  What  is  it,  gentlemen  ?  Is  this  a  public  meeting.  How  do  convic- 
tions concern  us?    I  only  know  two,  business  and  amusement." 

"  Bravo !  "  shouted  Kingscourt.    "  Business  first." 

"  You  see  that  gentleman  thinks  the  same  way,"  said  Schlesinger.  "  Are 
these  business  hours?    No.    Let  us  be  tranquil." 

"  You  always  hit  the  nail  on  the  head,  Herr  Schlesinger,"  said  Schiflfmann, 
grinning.  And  turning  to  Kingscourt  and  Friedrich,  he  said,  "  After  all,  it  is 
not  for  nothing  that  he  has  the  confidence  of  Baron  von  Goldstein.  He  repre- 
sents the  house  at  Jaffa." 

"  You  don't  say  so?  "  said  Kingscourt  and  looked  up  in  surprise. 

Schlesinger  looked  straight  in  front  of  him  like  a  great  man  who  knew  that 
the  people  were  gazing  at  him. 

Meanwhile,  the  ladies  were  again  discussing  the  new  Paris  hats.  Mrs. 
Laschner  commanded  a  great  modiste  of  the  Rue  de  la  Paix.  Mrs.  Weinburger 
had  nudged  Friedrich  to  bring  his  chair  closer  and  chatted  to  him. 

"  Yes,  that  is  my  daughter.  How  the  time  flies!  How  are  you?  How  do 
you  like  her?    Pretty  or  ugly?  " 

"  Just  like  her  mother,"  he  answered  mechanically. 

"  So  1  Ugly !  That  is  worse."  And  she  gave  him  a  coquettish  glance.  He 
felt  very  sad  as  he  looked  at  this  faded  woman.  So  look  the  causes  of  our  troubles 
after  twenty  years.  One  no  longer  understands  how  one  could  have  suflfered  on 
account  of  such  things.    Oh,  the  lost  time ! 

She,  who  had  no  idea  of  what  he  was  thinking,  continued  to  chat.  What  was 
he  going  to  do?  Was  he  going  to  remain  here  or  go  to  Europe.  If  he  remained 
here,  he  would  certainly  think  of  establishing  himself  and  marry. 

"  I !  "  he  said  astonished.  "  At  my  years  ?  I  have  passed  over  that  and  many 
more  important  things." 


April,  1903.]  THE   MACCABvEAN.  207 

"  Oh,  you  are  not  honest,"  said  Mrs.  Weinbiirger.  "  You  are  still  in  the 
right  years.  You  look  much  younger  than  you  are.  On  your  solitary  island 
you  preserved  yourself  very  well.  Wait,  I  will  ask  a  simple  child  to  guess  how 
old  you  are.     Fifi,  guess.     How  old  do  you  think  Mr.  Lowenberg  is?  " 

The  young  lady,  the  simple  child,  looked  up  a  little,  lowered  her  eyes  and 
lisped,  "  about  thirty," 

"  Oh,  no,  my  dear  young  lady.    You  don't  look  at  me  closely  enough." 

"  Oh,  yes,"  she  lisped,  "  I  saw  you  in  the  opera  when  you  were  there  with 
Miriam  Litvak." 

"  Apropos,"  said  Mrs.  Weinburger,  "  how  do  you  like  Miss  Litvak?  I  don't 
mean  outwardly — she  is  very  pretty;  but  her  art — her  pose?  She  does  some- 
thing in  the  way  of  fulfillment  of  duties  and  such  things.  She  is  playing  at 
schoolma'am.    That  is  the  latest." 

Friedrich  was  annoyed.  "  My  dear  lady,  as  far  as  I  know.  Miss  Litvak  is 
not  playing  at  schoolmistress,  but  is  one  in  truth.  She  is  very  earnest  at  iier 
vocations." 

"  Oh,  oh,  how  you  do  champion  Miss  Litvak,"  she  spoke  sarcastically. 

"  My  friends  are  calling  me,"  said  Friedrich  as  he  rose.  "  We  must  leave." 
He  bowed  and  returned  to  his  friends. 

Kingscourt  took  him  under  the  arm  and  said,  "  Fritz,  guess  what  I  have 
been  thinking  the  whole  time  we  were  in  this  awfully  fine  company  ?  " 

"  No  idea." 

"  That  it  is  time  for  us  to  leave.  We  haven't  been  thieves  and  murderers 
in  order  to  end  up  with  the  representative  oi  Baron  von  Goldstein.  Or  do  you 
want  to  come  to  anchor  here?  " 

"You  ask,  Kingscourt?  You  know  very  well  that  I  belong  to  you  and 
go  with  you  when  you  wish  and  where  you  wish." 

The  old  man  stood  still  and  pressed  his  hand. 


Book  IV 

PASSOVER 
Chapter   I 

TT  was  the  evening  of  the  Passover.  The  guests  all  met  round  the  table  of  the 
elder  Litvak ;  the  Russian  priest  from  Sepphoris  had  arrived  and  David  in- 
troduced the  Franciscan  father,  Ignaz,  a  red-haired  and  blond-bearded  man 
who  came  from  Cologne  on  the  Rhine.  He  had  lived  for  twenty-five  years  in  Ti- 
berias but  still  spoke  in  the  Rhenish  dialect.  He  knew  no  other  language  but 
German,  and  the  priest  and  the  Anglican  clergyman,  Mr.  Hopkins,  did  their  best 
to  converse  with  him  in  his  mother  tongue. 

The  table  had  been  laid  out  in  the  dining  room  and  there  were  some  twenty 
covers  on  the  shimmering  linen  cloth.  David  sat  at  the  lower  end  of  the  table, 
at  which  his  father  presided.     The  chair  to  the  right  of  Mr.  Litvak  remained 


2o8  THE  MACCAB^AN.  [April,  1903. 

empty,  as  it  was  intended  for  the  ailing  mother ;  and  to  the  left  of  the  old  man 
sat  Mrs.  Gothland. 

The  beautiful,  age-old  melodrama  of  the  Seder  began.  The  first  cup  was 
filled  by  the  master  of  the  house,  who  recited  Kiddush,  wherein  he  thanked  God 
for  the  fruit  of  the  vine  and  for  all  the  mercies  that  had  been  shown  to  Israel. 
"  Eternal,  our  Lord,  Thou  hast  set  aside  a  season  of  peace,  of  festival  and  re- 
joicing, even  as  this  day  of  unleavened  bread,  the  time  of  our  being  brought  forth 
from  Egypt." 

When  the  blessing  was  ended,  they  drank  the  first  cup  of  wine.  Kingscourt 
simply  looked  on,  but  Mrs.  Gothland  nudged  him  and  whispered  in  English, 
"  You  must  do  everything  everybody  else  does.    That  is  the  custom." 

Kingscourt  swallowed  a  number  of  profanities,  but  had  both  the  humor  and 
the  good  nature  to  join  in  the  customs  of  the  table.  The  Christian  priests  par- 
ticipated in  every  usage. 

The  elder  Litvak  washed  his  hands  in  a  silver  basin  which  Miriam  brought 
him.  Then  he  took  from  the  Seder  dish  a  piece  of  parsley,  dipped  it  in  salt  water 
and  pronounced  a  blessing.    And  then  each  received  a  piece  and  ate  it. 

Kingscourt  made  a  grimace  and  compelled  Mrs.  Gothland  to  laugh.  Then 
the  tgg  and  the  burnt  shank  bone  of  the  lamb  were  removed  from  the  table, 
and  the  dish  was  raised  and  they  began  reciting,  "  This  is  the  bread  of  our 
affliction  which  our  forefathers  ate  in  Egypt." 

Mfs.  Gothland  pointed  in  the  Hagadah,  which  contained  a  German  trans- 
lation of  the  passages  which  were  being  recited. 

The  second  glass  of  wine  was  poured  out,  and  David  being  the  youngest 
at  the  table,  recited  the  questions. 

"Ma  Nishtana  ha-lilah  ha-zeh — wherefore  is  this  night  distinguished  from 
all  other  nights?  For  on  all  other  nights  we  may  eat  both  leavened  and  un- 
leavened bread;  this  night  only  leavened  bread.  On  all  other  nights  we  may 
eat  all  manner  of  herbs,  on  this  night  we  may  eat  only  bitter  herbs.  .  .  ." 

The  other  symbols  were  restored  to  the  table  and  the  whole  company  an- 
swered the  question.  "  Once  we  were  slaves  of  Pharaoh  in  Egypt  and  the 
Eternal,  our  Lord  took  us  thence  with  a  strong  hand  and  an  outstretched  arm." 

And  so  the  service,  half  religious  ritual  and  half  family  gatliering,  con- 
tinued, moving  the  hearts  of  those  who  would  be  aflected  by  the  sense  of  rever- 
ent associations.  For  this,  the  most  Jewish  of  all  festivities,  stretched  further  back 
into  the  past  of  humanity  than  any  living  symbol  in  the  culture  world.  Just  a«; 
now,  this  had  been  observed  for  many  and  many  centuries ;  and  the  world  had 
changed,  nations  had  disappeared,  others  had  sprung  up  into  being  and  played 
their  part  in  human  history,  the  circle  of  the  globe  had  grown,  unknown  con- 
tinents had  sprung  out  of  the  seas.  Unthought-of  powers  of  nature  had  light- 
ened and  brightened  life,  yet  this  old  people  was  still  there,  still  observed,  as  then, 
the  unchanged  custom.  True  to  itself  and  stirred  by  the  sufferings  of  its  ances- 
tors, it  prayed  still  with  the  thousand-year-old  words  to  the  Eternal,  its  God, 
the  people  of  slavery  and  of  freedom,  Israel. 

One  of  those  at  the  Seder  service  spoke  the  Hebrew  words  of  the  Hagadah 


April,  1903.]  THE   MACCAByEAN.  209 

with  the  feehngs  of  the  prodigal  returned  home.  To  him  it  was  a  rediscovery  of 
self,  and  frequently  his  voice  failed  him,  so  that  he  had  to  repress  himself  in  order 
to  avoid  gasping  aloud.  Full  thirty  years  had  passed  since  he,  as  a  boy,  had 
asked  the  Ma  Nishtana.  Then  the  explanation  had  followed.  The  release  from 
the  Jews  and  the  logical  spring  into  space ;  for  he  had  no  hold  whatever  on  life. 
At  this  Seder  table  he  felt  like  the  lost  son. 

When  the  first  part  of  the  service  was  ended  and  the  supper  was  being 
served,  Kingscourt  called  to  him  across  the  table,  "  Fritz,  I  didn't  know  you 
were  such  a  perfect  Hebraist." 

"  To  tell  the  truth,  I  didn't  know  it  myself ;  but  it  seems  that  what  one  learns 
in  one's  youth,  one  does  not  forget." 

During  the  supper,  frequent  reference  was  made  to  a  gentleman  whom 
neither  Kingscourt  nor  Friedrich  had  met,  Mr.  Joseph  Levy.  The  brothers 
Steineck  called  him  Joe,  but  in  their  mouths  the  English  abbreviation  sounded 
like  "  Tschoh." 

"  It  is  a  horrible  shame  that  Tschoh  is  not  here,"  said  the  architect. 

"  Yes,"  responded  his  brother,  "  Tschoh's  absence  is  quite  irregular.  The 
festival  is  incomplete.    You  understand  ?  " 

"  Not  at  all,"  said  Kingscourt.  "  I  am  interested  the  whole  time  to  know 
what  you  want  from  this  unknown  Joe." 

"  He  doesn't  know  Tschoh,"  said  the  architect  and  held  his  sides  with 
laughter. 

"  That  is  a  void  in  your  education,  gentlemen,"  said  the  Professor.  "  You 
ought  to  know  Joe!  Without  Joe  many  would  not  be  sitting  where  they  sit 
to-night.  Joe  did  some  of  the  most  remarkable  things  with  the  very  fewest 
means.  Joe  is  a  remarkable  fellow.  He  possesses  a  capacity  as  rare  as  gold,  rarer 
than  platinum,  rarer  than  uranium,  rarer  than  the  rarest  that  there  is." 

"  The  devil !    You  excite  me,  Professor.    And  what  is  that  capacity  ?  " 

"  Simply  healthy  human  understanding.     You  understand  ?  " 

"  I  begin  to.    I  would  like  to  see  that  marvelous  fellow." 

The  architect  made  a  speaking  trumpet  and  shouted  "  Tschoh,  Tschoh !  " 

Mrs.  Gothland  motioned  to  him  to  be  be  quiet  and  then  said,  "  You  could  not 
shout  loud  enough  for  him  to  hear  you.  But  you  can  do  it  more  quietly  at  the 
telephone.  You  simply  want  to  get  connected  with  Marseilles,  Joe  arrived  there 
this  afternoon.    He  greets  you  all.    We  talked  on  the  telephone  to-day." 

"  What !  "  shouted  the  architect.    "  So  sudden?    Without  a  word !  " 

"  Yes,  he  made  up  his  mind  suddenly  a  few  days  ago,"  said  Mrs.  Gothland. 
You  know  our  Joe.  He  was  informed  that  a  manufacturer  in  Lyons  was  show- 
ing a  new  machine.  '  I  must  see  that,'  said  Joe,  and  the  same  day  he  left  for 
Europe.  As  the  newspapers  were  all  informed  of  his  coming,  in  all  probabilit}'' 
he  is  at  this  moment  surrounded  by  a  crowd  of  manufacturers,  machine  agents 
and  engineers.    It  is  always  like  that  when  Joe  goes  to  Europe." 

"  The  representatives  of  all  kinds  of  industries  await  him,"  said  Reschid 
Bey.  "  He  trades  with  England,  Germany,  France,  and  especially  with  Amer- 
ica.   Perhaps  to-morrow  he  is  going  to  America,  if  not  to  London,  if  he  is  not 


2IO  THE   MACCABiEAN.  [April,  1903. 

turning  back  home.  You  never  know  what  Joseph  Levy  is  going  to  do  next, 
except  that  whatever  he  does  is  right.  He  closes  a  deal  for  $5,000,000  more 
quickly  than  another  man  buys  a  coat.  Even  the  Americans  are  amazed  at  him. 
He  orders  quickly,  pays  well,  and  does  not  blunder." 

"  Thunder !    The  man  suits  me,"  said  Kingscourt,  "  what  is  he  here  ?  " 

"  General  Director  of  the  Department  of  Industries,"  said  David.  "  There 
is  probably  no  office  that  Joe  Levy  could  not  take  up.  He  is  once  for  all  a  man 
who  understands  everything  which  a  healthy  glance  and  an  iron  will  can  solve. 
He  has  quick  intelligence  and  clears  up  in  a  moment  the  most  worrymg  situa- 
tions. And  when  Joe  Levy  decides  to  do  something  you  can  take  your  oath  on  it 
that  it  is  going  through.  I  thought  that  this  complete  man  would  interest  you, 
gentlemen.  After  supper  you  will  hear  him  speak  at  least,  because  I  cannot 
show  him  to  you  otherwise  to-night  than  in  the  picture." 

"  Then  we  will  have  to  use  a  telephone,"  said  Kingscourt. 

"  Not  at  all,"  said  David,  laughing.  It  will  be  more  comfortable.  Not  only 
you  but  later  generations  will  listen  to  his  speech.  I  thought  it  was  worth  while 
to  put  on  record  the  voice  of  the  man  who  ordered  the  movement  of  the  Jews ; 
so  I  urged  Joe  Levy  to  report  the  story  of  the  settlement  of  our  country  in  the 
phonograph.  You  know  that  machine.  I  let  Joe  speak  to  the  wax,  and  I  pre- 
sented a  hundred  copies  of  it  to  the  schools  as  a  Passover  gift.  We  will,  how- 
ever, be  the  first  to  hear  the  record." 

Kingscourt  was  quite  amazed.  "  Remarkable !  That  was  a  very  fine 
thought,  most  respected  man  of  the  future.  I  have  all  the  time  been  asking 
myself  as  to  the  turning  point.  The  results  we  see,  but  how  were  they  brought 
about  ?  That  is  the  kernel  of  the  problem.  That  there  are  railways  and  factories 
and  harbors  and  automobiles  and  tele — ,  phono,  photo  and  God  knows  what 
other  kind  of  graphs,  that  we  half-educated  Europeans  knew  before  we  put  our 
astonished  feet  on  Palestinian  earth.  But  how  did  you  replant  everything?  I 
want  to  know  something  about  it." 

"Joe  will  tell  you  the  beginning  after  we  have  shown  you  the  end,"  an- 
swered David.  And  this  Scd^r  evening  seems  to  me  the  proper  time.  We  read 
this  evening  in  our  old  Hagadah  how  our  sages  came  together  on  such  a  night  at 
Bene  B'rack  and  devoted  the  whole  night  to  discussion  of  the  exodus  from 
Egypt.  We  are  the  successors  of  Rabbi  Eleazer,  Rabbi  Joshua,  Rabbi  Eleaze^- 
ben  Azariah  and  Rabbi  Tarphon.  This  is  our  evening  at  Bene  Barack.  The 
old  will  change  into  the  new.  We  will  first  finish  the  Seder  after  the  fashion 
of  our  forefathers,  then  we  will  see  how  we  came  here.  There  was  a  second 
Egypt  and  a  happy  Exodus.  The  second  was  made  naturally  in  accordance 
with  the  civilization  and  technical  development  at  the  beginning  of  the  twentieth 
century.  It  could  not  be  otherwise  and  it  could  not  happen  earlier.  The  tech- 
nical development  had  to  take  place,  the  nations  had  to  be  impressed  with  im- 
perial politics,  the  sailboat  had  to  be  replaced  by  the  screw  steamer :  in  short, 
the  inventions  of  the  nineteenth  century  were  necessarv.  We  had  to  be  new 
people,  still  true  to  the  old  race.  And  we  had  to  have  the  goodwill  of  the  nations 
and  their  rulers ;  otherwise  the  whole  work  would  have  been  impossible." 


April,  1903.]  THE  MACCABiEAN.  211 

"  God  helped  us,"  said  the  elder  Litvak,  and  added  a  Hebrew  phrase. 

The  Rev.  Hopkins  recalled  to  his  clerical  colleagues  the  Easters  of  other 
ages,  and  how  many  quarrels  had  ended  and  peace  had  been  made.  To-night 
they-,  as  Christians,  could  sit  at  ease  in  the  house  of  a  Jew,  and  were  not  hurt  by 
the  religious  customs  of  others.     The  spring  of  humanity  had  come. 

"  Truly  it  is  the  spring  of  the  human  race,"  said  the  priest  from  Sepphoris. 

(^To  be  continued.) 


The  History  of  the  Jewish  Theological  Seminary 

By  albert  M.  FRIEDENBERG 

THE  history  of  the  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  is  the  history  of  orthodox 
Judaism  in  America  during  the  years  from  1886  to  1902.  For,  while  the 
Jewish  Theological  Seminary  of  America  is  conservative  in  its  reli- 
gious standpoint,  the  parent  institution  directly  represented  historical  Judaism, 
prospered  as  long  as  the  cause  of  orthodoxy  flowered,  decayed  when  the  leaders 
of  the  traditional  school  had  passed  away.  To-day,  of  course,  the  older  institu- 
tion has  been  restored  to  life  again,  as  it  were,  in  the  shape  of  the  new  Seminary, 
that  promises  a  foundation  to  realize  all  that  the  founders  had  thought  out  in 
dreams,  a  decade  and  more  ago. 

The  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  was  the  direct  outcome  of  the  celebrated 
Rabbinic  Conference  which  met  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  November  16  to  18,  1885,  as  the 
result  of  a  call  issued  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Kaufmann  Kohler,  of  New  York,  Novem- 
ber I,  1885.  Dr.  Isaac  M.  Wise  presided  over  the  sessions  of  the  Conference,  and 
the  "  Declaration  of  Principles,"  then  and  there  adopted,  proved  particularly  of- 
fensive to  all  those  who  believed  in  the  claims  and  merits  of  historical  Judaism  in 
America.^ 

The  orthodox  Jews  objected  especially  to  the  following  portions  of  the  Pitts- 
burg resolutions  :^ 

"  Second — .  .  .  .  We  hold  that  the  modern  discoveries  of  scientific  re- 
searches in  the  domains  of  nature  and  history  are  not  antagonistic  to  the  doc- 
trines of  Judaism,  the  Bible  reflecting  the  primitive  ideas  of  its  own  age  and 
at  times  clothing  its  conception  of  Divine  Providence  and  justice  in  dealing 
■     with  man  in  miraculous  narratives. 

"  Third — We  recognize  in  the  Mosaic  legislation,  a  system  of  training 
the  Jewish  people  for  its  mission  during  its  national  life  in  Palestine,  and  to- 
day we  accept  as  binding  only  the  moral  laws  and  maintain  only  such  cere- 
monies as  elevate  and  sanctify  our  lives,  but  reject  all  such  as  are  inadapted 
to  the  views  and  habits  of  modern  civilization. 

"  Fourth — ^We  hold  that  all  such  Mosaic  and  Rabbinical  laws  as  regu- 


^Jos.  Krauskopf,  "Half  a  Century  of  Judaism  in  the  United  States,"  in  American  Jcivs' 
Annual  for  5648,  p.  87  et  seq.  Cf.  Dr.  K.  Kohler  and  Miss  Henrietta  Szold  in  American 
Hebrew,    Dec.    30,    1887. 

'Krauskopf,  op.  cit.,  p.  88. 


212 


THE  MACCAB^AN. 


[April,  1903. 


THE    NEW    HOME    OF    THE    SEMINARY 


late  diet,  priestly  purity  and 
dress  originated  in  ages  and  un- 
der the  influence  of  ideals  alto- 
gether foreign  to  our  present 
mental  and  spiritual  state.  .  .  . 
"  Fifth—.  .  .  We  con- 
sider ourselves  no  longer  a  na- 
tion, but  a  religious  community, 
and,  therefore,  expect  neither  a 
return  to  Palestine  nor  a  sacri- 
ficial worship  under  the  sons  of 
Aaron  nor  the  restoration  of  any 
of  the  laws  concerning  the  Jew- 
ish State." 

K 

Finally,  in  1886,  the  opposition 
to  reform  crystallized  in  a  convention 
held  May  9  of  that  year.  The  late 
Rev.  Sabato  Morais,  Hazan  of  the  Portuguese  Congregation  Mickoe  Israel,  of 
Philadelphia,  was  the  leading  spirit  in  this  movement  for  an  orthodox  school  for 
ministers,  m  opposition  to  the  Hebrew  Union  College  at  Cincinnati,  the  teachers 
and  graduates  of  which  had  participated  in  the  drafting  of  the  Pittsburg  declara- 
tion. 

From  May  9,  1886,  when  the  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  was  formally  es- 
tablished in  convention,  to  December  of  the  same  year,  the  preliminary  steps 
toward  the  opening  of  the  school  were  taken,  funds  for  its  support  were  collected 
and  plans  for  its  future  prosperity  laid.  At  Lyric  Hall,  Sunday,  January  2,  1887, 
the  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  was  opened,  addresses  being  delivered  by  H. 
Pereira  Mendes,  Joseph  Blumenthal.  Sabato  Morais  and  Bernard  Drachman. 
Regular  instruction  of  the  first  ten  pupils  in  the  preparatory  class  was  begun  the 
next  day  in  the  vestry  rooms  of  K.  K.  Shearith  Israel,  then  located  in  West  Nine- 
teenth street.  In  October,  1887,  the  seminary  moved  to  Cooper  Union.  Dr.  Ber- 
nard Drachman  was  appointed  preceptor  of  the  preparatory  class  February  i. 
1887.*  In  January,  1888,  the  higher  Junior  class  was  started  with  four  pupils, 
Rev.  G.  Liebermann  being  preceptor  and  Sabato  Morais,  LL.D.,  president  of  the 
faculty. 

The  first  Biennial  Convention  of  the  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  Associa- 
tion was  held  at  Cooper  Union,  March  11,  5648  (1888).    It  was  there  announced 


•In  early  days,  the  Seminary  had  a  hard  and  thorny  road  to  travel.  Dr.  Solomon  Solis 
Cohen,  of  Philadelphia,  appealed  for  funds  for  the  Seminary  endowment  (American  Hebrew. 
July  22,  1887).  The  Jewish  Theological  Seminary,  said  the  writer,  was  entering  on  a  work 
of  construction;  Cincinnati  was  a  de-.tructive  force.  "The  two  flags  have  been  raised,  the 
appeal  has  been  made.  From  Cincinnati  comes  a  plea  for  half  a  million  dollars,  for  the  Baal, 
who  even  there  is  not  God.  From  New  York  comes  a  plea  to  build  and  sustain  a  school 
which  shall  send  forth  leaders,  to  guide  Israel  in  the  path  of  truth,  which  is  the  path  of  the 
Eternal;  .  ."  ("  Under  Which  Flag? "  in  /^trf..  p.  163).  Cf.  articles  by  Dr.  Richard 
Gottheil,  Dr.  S.  Solis  Cohen,  Dr.  H.  P.  Mendes.  Dr.  S.  Morais,  Dr.  K.  Kohler,  "  Semi-Occa- 
sional" (Hon.  A.  S.  Solomons)  and  editorially  in  American  Hebrew,  July  29,  1887,  et  seq. 


B   April,  1903.]                                       THE   MACCABiEAN.                                                     213  1 
1 

that  the  first  sum  set  apart  for  the  endowment  amounted  to  $5,000.  Indeed,  in  his 
first  report,  Hon.  Joseph  Blumenthal  president  of  the  Association,  says:  "... 
One  hundred  thousand  dollars  is  not  too  great  a  sum  to  fix  as  the  amount  to  be 
aimed  at  for  a  permanent  endowment,     .     .     ."* 

Of  the  aim  of  the  seminary,  Mr.  Blumenthal,  while  avoiding  all  controversy 
as  to  doctrine,  had  this  to  say  :  "  .  .  .  This  is  an  institution  of  learning,  whose 
teachings  are  those  of  historical,  traditional  Judaism,  based  on  the  Bible  and  in- 
terpreted by  our  sages. "^  And  again  :  "  .  .  .  What  lies  before  us  to  do  as  the 
sole  end  and  aim  of  the  institution  is  to  train  rabbis  who  will  be  Americans,  schol- 
ars, tolerant,  temperate  and  courteous  gentlemen,  and  Jews  with  a  knowledge  of 
Jewish  law  and  literature,  and  with  the  firm  purpose  of  acknowledging  and  vin- 
dicating the  validity  of  that  law."® 

The  seminary  having  been  organized  and  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  with  the  power  of  conferring  the  appropriate  degrees,  the 
preamble  of  the  constitution  of  the  association  stated :  "  The  necessity  has  been 
made  manifest  for  associated  and  organized  effort  on  the  part  of  the  Jews  of 
America  faithful  to  Mosaic  Law  and  ancestral  traditions,  for  the  purpose  of  keep- 
ing alive  the  true  Judaic  spirit ;     .     .     ."^ 

The  second  Biennial  Convention  was  held  at  Cooper  Union,  March  16,  5650 
(1890).^  Besides  the  regular  fall  and  winter  courses,  special  summer  lectures  had 
been  delivered  during  1888  and  1889  by  Doctors  Morals,  H.  P.  Mendes,  Cyrus 
Adler  and  Drachman. 

At  this  convention,  too,  it  was  announced  that  the  late  Sampson  Simson's 
donation  of  four  and  one-half  acres  of  land,  situated  in  Yonkers,  Westchester 
County,  N.  Y.,  to  the  "  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  and  Scientific  Institution  " 
in  1853  had  been  added  to  the  holdings  of  the  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  Asso- 
ciation, by  an  act  of  the  Legislature,  May  10,  1888. 

During  the  period  from  1890  to  1892,  the  present  seminary  building,  736 


*  "First  Biennial  Report,"  p.  8.  The  present  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  of  America 
has  an  endowment  fund  of  $500,000,  a  new  building  in  course  of  erection  and  the  present 
Seminary  house,  736  Lexington  avenue. 

°  Ibid.,  p.  9. 

'  It  was  also  stated  that  the  total  receipts  from  the  foundation  to  January  15,  1888,  were 
$8,773;   payments  $2,619.79;  balance,  $6,153.21. 

^  The  Philadelphia  branch  of  the  Association  had  been  organized  early  in  1887.  In  Dr. 
Morais'  first  report  as  president  of  the  faculty  and  chairman  of  the  advisory  Board  of  Minis- 
ters,, it  is  said :  ".  .  .  At  the  basis  of  our  Seminary  lies  the  belief  that  Moses  was  in  all 
truth  inspired  by  the  living  God  to  promulgate  laws  for  the  government  of  a  people  sanctified 
to  an  imprescriptible  mission;  .  .  .  The  traditions  of  the  fathers  are  therefore  coeval 
with  the  written  statutes  of  the  five  holy  books."  (Ibid.,  p.  18.)  ".  .  .  Our  Seminary  has 
created  itself  a  church  militant,  so  to  say,  to  fight  skepticism  arrayed  against  the  history  and 
traditions  that  have  rendered  Israel  deathless.  ...  To  repel  skepticism  is  the  obligation 
we  have  assumed.  ..."  (p.  19.)  Again:  "Gentlemen,  frequent  visits  to  the  Seminary 
brought  to  my  mind  the  consolatory  conviction  that  to  check  the  inroad  of  destructive  theories 
senselessly  called  '  American  Judaism,'  God  breathed  into  us  an  earnest  desire  to  set  up  as 
a  bulwark  this  theological  school  in  the  leading  city  of  the  East.     .    .    ."     (pp.  21,  22). 

Here  it  may  be  well  to  point  out  that  the  Association  paid  during  the  first  few  years  of 
the  existence  of  the  Seminary,  the  comparatively  enormous  sum  of  $2,121  in  stipends  to  needy 
students.    During  this  period,  there  were  hardly  more  than  ten  Seminarians  at  any  time. 

'  The  Report  contained  an  essay,  "  The  Jew  in  Italy,"  by  S.  Morais.  Dr.  Alexander  Kohut 
was  no-wf  a  regular  lecturer  and  the  Senior  Department  had  been  organized.  The  assets 
amounted  to  $5,304.56.     Mr.  Newman  Cowen  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the  earliest  benefactors. 


214 


THE  MACCAB^AN. 


[April,  1903, 


Lexington  avenue,  was  acquired  and  dedicated  (May  25,  1892),  and  fitted  up  for 
its  uses  as  chapel,  lecture  halls  and  living  rooms  for  the  students.  In  this  house 
the  seminary  was  conducted ;  here  all  the  events  in  its  eventful  history  occurred ; 
trustees,  instructors  and  students,  "  members  of  one  large  family,"  lived  in  its 
rooms  and  learned  to  associate  the  pleasantest  parts  of  their  lives  with  the  dingy 
old  edifice. 

The  third  Biennial  Convention  was  held  at  the  Y.  M.  H.  A.  rooms,  March  27, 
5652  (1892).'  The  summer  lectures  had  been  continued  during  1890  by  Doctors 
Morais,  Kohut,  Marcus  Jastrow,  Sr.,  Adler,  Drachman,  Benjamin  Szold,  H.  W. 
Schneeberger,  F.  de  Sola  Mendes  and  Henry  S.  Jacobs.    Some  of  these  lectures 


THE   LATE   JOSEPH    BLUMENTHAL 


THE    LATE    DR.    KOHUT 


had  been  delivered  as  part  of  a  course  on  "  The  Activities  of  the  Rabbi  "  (Febru- 
ary 8-May  24,  1891).  At  this  time,  the  assets  were  $22,000,  including  the  Yonkers 
property.    Rev.  Henry  M.  Speaker  had  been  appointed  instructor. 

In  1891  Columbia  College  (graduate  faculty  of  Philosophy)  granted  its  privi- 
leges of  study  to  students  of  the  seminary,  without  any  charge.  Joseph  H.  Hertz, 
A.B.,  was  the  first  to  avail  himself  of  this  generosity.  At  the  third  convention  it 
was  resolved  to  establish  a  public  Jewish  library  and  to  secure  the  Isaac  Leeser 
collection  for  the  Seminary. 

The  fourth  Biennial  Convention  met  in  the  seminary  building,  March  25, 
5654^(1894)'"    The  Morais  library  had  been  acquired  and  Doctors  H.  P.  Mendes 

•  The  Report  contained  an  essay,  "  Manzur  AI-Dhamari's    Hebrew    Arabic    Philosonhiral 
Commentary  on  the  Pentateuch."  by  Alexander  Kohut,  D.D.,  Ph.D.  i-miosophical 

from"  Jhe'^fHend.'^  n^tl  '^i;'  ''"'^'^'"^  Y^  '"''  f^^iT'  °^  '^''  ^"'^-  $5-000  had  been  collected 
ilJZl        ^    i  ^  *^^  Semmary  and  $3,000  had  been  given  by  Mr.  Jacob  H    Schiff    while 

of  Shide  and  I.^n  nf'^W-''^  m  the  new  Semmary.  The  report  contained  an  essav.  '"Light 
YtSS^l  (jfoy^^^h^^^^^  Hebrovv-Arabic  Homilies  Composed  by  Nathaniel  Ibn 

G^orgfA    fander  L^^^^^^^^        "^^^^^  °'''  ^^■^■'  ^'^°  ^  "^^"^^''^  ^^  Alexander  Kohut  by 


April,  1903.] 


THE   MACCAB^AN. 


215 


and  Moses  Maisner  had  begun  to  lecture.  In  1893  Rev.  G.  Liebermann  had  re- 
signed as  preceptor ;  Prof.  A.  Joshua  Joffe  was  appointed  in  his  stead. 

The  fifth  Biennial  Convention  was  held  in  the  seminary  building,  March  8, 
5656  (1896).  Branches  of  the  Association  had  been  established  in  Baltimore, 
largely  through  the  instrumentality  of  the  late  Dr.  Aaron  Friedenwald,  Buffalo 
and  Syracuse. ^^  The  venerable  Dr.  Morals  spoke  of  the  founders  as  follows: 
"  .  .  .  Love  for  the  Law  stirred  them  up  to  create  a  seat  of  learning  sound  and 
broad,  resting  on  foundations  laid  by  righteousness."^^ 

The  sixth  Biennial  Convention  met  in  the  Mickve  Israel  synagogue,  Phila- 
delphia, March  20,  5658  (1898).^^  Since  the  last  m.eeting,  Sabato  Morals  had 
passed  away  and  Mr.  Blumenthal  now  gave  expression  to  the  sentiments  of  loss 
and  mourning  as  follows :  "  But  to  us  at  the  Seminary  the  passing  away  of  Dr. 
Morals  has  been  an  especially  grievous  loss.  It  was  unto  him  as  the  apple  of  his 
eye.  He  saw  in  it  the  possibility  of  placing  Judaism  here  in  America  on  a  finn 
foundation  in  line  with  the  Judaim  of  other  times  and  other  lands ;  that  it  should 
be  not  a  thing  apart,  not  an  American  Judaism,  but  Judaism  in  America.    .    .    ."^* 

Dr.  Morals  bequeathed  his  library  of  seven  hundred  Hebrew  works  to  the 
Seminarv.     Besides,  Baroness  de  Hirsch  donated  $6,000  to  the  Seminary,  the 


"  The  Report  contained  an  essay,  "  Prolegomena  to  a  Grammar  of  the  Hebrew  Lan- 
guage," by  Samuel  David  Luzzato.    Translated  from  the  Italian  by  S.  Morais,  LL.D. 

'^ "  Fifth  Biennial  Report,"  p.  30. 

'^  The  Report  contained  an  essay,  "  Sabato  Morais :  a  Memoir,"  by  Henry  S.  Morais, 
with  copies  of  resolutions  passed  on  Doctor  Morais'  demise,  and  "  Bachya :  The  Jewish 
Thomas  a  Kempis.  A  chapter  in  the  History  of  Jewish  Ethics,"  by  Joseph  Herman  Hertz, 
Ph.D.,  and  additional  notes  by  George  Alexander  Kohut. 

' "  Sixth  Biennial  Report,"  p.  12.  Rev.  Henry 
S.  Morais  says  in  Ibid.,  pp.  86,  87 :  "  But  greater 
achievements  were  reserved  for  old  age.  Doctor 
Morais  had  long  witnessed  with  grief  the  growth 
of  a  destructive  element  in  the  Jewish  camp.  At 
times  he  thought  that  radicalism  had  been  tem- 
pered. ...  He  had,  therefore,  felt  some  hope 
originally  of  a  theological  institution  of  the  West. 
.  .  .  But  these  expectations  were,  ere  long,  rudely 
dissipated.  Bold  enunciations  of  unbelief  pro- 
ceeded thence,  a  mischievous  spirit  was  asserting 
itself  right  from  the  center  of  that  institution  in 
the  West ;  and  the  climax  was  capped  by  the  so- 
called  Pittsburg  Conference,  and  its  undermining 
pronunciamento.  The  day  for  action  had  now 
come;  any  delay  meant  danger,  ruin  perhaps,  to 
the  future  of  historical,  of  Biblical  Judaism  in 
America.  Hence,  the  call  came  for  immediate 
steps  looking  toward  the  establishment  of  a  strong 
counteracting  agency  in  the  metropolis  of  the 
United  States ;  of  a  force  that  would  combat  a 
growing  evil ;  of  a  theological  college  whose  grad- 
uates should  come  forth  Jczvish  ministers,  preach- 
ing the  Word  of  God  and  believing  it,  practicing 
it,  living  by  it.  That  call  was  not  in  vain.  .  .  . 
The  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  was  planted  in 
the  City  of  New  York,  in  January,  1886  [really 
1887].  .  .  .  Then,  further  on,  its  motto  is,  "To 
learn  and  to  teach,  to  observe  and  to  do."  Mr. 
Jacob  H.  Schiff  headed  the  Morais  Endowment 
Fund  with  a  subscription  of  $5,000.  prof.  s.  schechter 


2l6 


THE  MACCAB^AN. 


[April,  1903. 


DR.    CYRUS    ADi-ER 


assets  of  which  were  now  valued  at  $30,700.  Dr.  David 
Davidson  and  Solomon  Reich  were  added  to  the  corps  of  in- 
structors, the  latter  taking  the  place  of  Rev.  Henry  M. 
Speaker. 

At  the  seventh  Biennial  Convention,  held  at  the  Baron 
de  Hirsch  school,  New  York,  March  25,  5660  (1900),  Mr, 
Blumenthal  spoke  of  the  efforts  that  had  been  made  to  in- 
crease the  endowment  and  to  secure  the  services  of  Dr.  Solo- 
mon Schechter,  then  of  Cambridge,  England,  as  Morais  Pro- 
fessor of  Theology.^*  Since  the  death  of  Dr.  Morais,  Dr. 
Drachman  had  acted  as  Dean  and  at  one  time  or  another 
Dr.  Max  Switton,  Rev,  Moses  Jacobson  and  Hon.  Montague  Lessler  gave  courses 
of  instruction. 

The  eighth  Biennial  Convention  was  held  in  the  Baron  de  Hirsch  school, 
March  30,  5662  (1902).^'  Mr.  Blumenthal's  death,  March  2,  1901,  was  a  great 
loss  to  the  seminary ;"  Hon.  Adolphus  S.  Solomons  had  been  chosen  as  his  suc- 
cessor with  the  title  of  acting  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trustees.  At  this  meet- 
ing it  was  resolved  to  merge  the  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  in  the  new  Jewish 
Theological  Seminary  of  America,  incorporated  by  charter  under  the  laws  of  the 
State  of  New  York,  February  28,  1902.  Dr,  Cyrus  Adler  had  been  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  new  seminary  which  had  been  liberally  endowed  by  Messrs.  Jacob 
H,  Schiff,  Leonard  Lewisohn,  deceased,  and  Guggenheim,  in  October,  1901,  Dr. 
Solomon  Schechter,  who  arrived  in  New  York  from  England  in  April,  1902,  had 
been  elected  to  the  chair  of  Theology.  The  new  Theological  Seminary  of  Ameri- 
ca is  the  direct  and  logical  successor  of  the  old  Jewish  Theological  Seminary,  the 
constitution  of  which,  with  its  emphasis  on  historical  Judaism,  has  been  adopted 
in.  the  charter  of  the  newer  institution.  The  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  Asso- 
ciation was  dissolved  March  30,  1902,  but  the  spirit,  aims  and  influence  of  its 
founders  will  live  on  in  the  work  of  the  Jewish  Theological  Seminary  of  America. 

"The  Report  contained  an  essay,  "  Neo-Hebraic  Literature  in  America.  A  Hitherto 
Unnoticed  Side  of  the  Intellectual  Activity  of  the  Jewish  People,"  by  Bernard  Drachman. 
Ph.D. 

"  No  Report  has  as  yet  been  issued.  It  is  believed  that  Professor  Schechter  will  con- 
tribute the  essay,  "A  Newly  Discovered  Document  on  an  Old  Jewish  Sect,"  to  the  same. 
Cf.  Jeivish  Comment,  April  4,  1902. 

"A  Blumenthal  Memorial  Meeting  was  held  March  16,  1902,  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Seminary  students  in  the  K.  K.  Shearith  Israel  vestrv-rooms,  70th  street  and  Central  Park 
West. 


April,  1903.] 


THE  maccab;ean. 


217 


A  MONTHLY  RECORD  OF  JEWISH  PROGRESS 


(MAR.  10  TO  APR.  i) 


It  is  the  Jewish  month  of 
Spring  Abib,  the  Spring  month, 
when  those  whose  eyes  are 
cast  toward  the  near  East  of  Europe 
look  for  the  melting  of  the  winter  snows 
to  be  followed  by  the  movement  of 
troops;  instead  the  Czar  of  Russia  pre- 
sented the  world  with  a  second  rescript, 
less  potential  than  that  which  brought 
about  the  Peace  Conference  at  the 
Hague,  which  was  hailed  by  many  Jews 
and  is  still  spoken  of  by  many  rabbis  as 
holding  out  some  mystic  hope  of  better 
times.  This  time  the  Czar  vaguely 
promised  tolerance,  not  to  the  Jews, 
who  are  not  ill-treated  in  the  matter  of 
religious  observance,  but  to  those  hete- 
rodox sects  which,  of  late,  have  sprung 
up  in  and  broken  away  from  the  Greek 
Church. 

This  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  Jews, 
and  offers  them  not  a  single  ray  of  sun- 
shine to  gild  the  Pale,  of  Settlement. 
And  it  is  only  to  be  regretted  that  Jew- 
ish preachers  and  publicists  are  so  mis- 
informed on  Russo-Jewish  conditions  as 
to  have  seen  even  for  an  hour  the  gospel 
of  glad  tidings  in  the  message  of  Nich- 
olas II  to  his  people. 

The  important  events  of  the  month 
relate  to  the  new  development  of  the 
Jewish    Colonization    Association,    and 


the  submission  of  Jewish  evidence  be- 
fore the  British  Royal  Commission  on 
Alien  Immigration. 

The  Jewish  Colonization 
The  J.  C.  A.    Association  has  given  the 

notice  usual  in  such  cases 
that  it  will  ask  Parliament  to  widen  its 
powers.  We  rescue  the  proposed 
amending  act  from  the  advertisement 
columns  in  which  it  appears.  Its  terms 
will  be  read  with  no  little  interest.  The 
association  is  an  unlimited  liability  cor- 
poration, and  some  doubts  have  been, 
from  time  to  time,  expressed  as  to  the 
powers  possessed  by  the  Council  of  Ad- 
ministration. Some  members  have  held 
that  the  J.  C.  A.  cannot  legally  invest 


MR.  D.  L.  ALEXANDER,  K.C. 

President  of  the  London  Committee  of  Deputies  of 

British  Jews 


2l8 


THE   MACCABiCAN. 


[April,  1903. 


in  Palestinean  undertakings,  and  when 
some  years  ago  a  large  tract  of  land  was 
purchased — the  J.  C.  A.  afterwards 
withdrew  from  the  bargain — one  direc- 
tor threatened  to  prevent  the  comple- 
tion of  the  business  by  legal  processes. 
What  exactly  is  aimed  at  in  the  phrase- 
ology of  this  amending  act  we  cannot 
say.  In  some  quarters  it  is  regarded  as 
a  step  preliminary  to  aiding  the  Zionist 
movement,  but  there  are  well  informed 
Zionists  who  hold  a  contrary  view.  The 
notice  reads: 

IN  PARLIAMENT  SESSION   1903. 
THE  JEWISH   COLONIZATION    ASSO- 
CIATION. 


(Extension  of  powers  of  Association; 
Amendment  of  Memorandum  of  Articles 
of  Association;  Provisions  as  to  applica- 
tion of  income  under  Trust  Deed ;  Ex- 
tension of  powers  of  investment,  etc.) 

Notice  is  hereby  given  that  application  is 
being  made  to  Parliament  in  the  present  ses- 
sion by  a  Bill  which  has  been  introduced  into 
and  is  now  pending  in  the  House  of  Lords 
by  the  Jewish  Colonization  Association 
hereinafter  called  "  the  Association "  for 
an  Act  for  all  or  some  of  the  following  pur- 
poses that  is  to  say: 

To  alter,  amend,  extend  and  enlarge  the 
Memorandum  of  Association  so  as  to  include 
therein  powers  to  the  Association  to  establi-sh 
and  maintain  or  to  contribute  towards  the 
establishment  and  maintenance  of  education- 
al and  Imining  institutions  model  farms,  loan 
banks,  industries,  factories  and  any  other 
institutions  or  associations  which  in  the 
judgment  of  the  Council  of  Administration 
of  the  Association  may  be  calculated  to  fit 
Jews  for  emigration  and  assist  their  settle- 
ment in  various  parts  of  the  world  with 
power  to  contribute  to  the  funds  of  any 
Association  or  Society  already  existing  or 
hereafter  formed  and  having  for  its  object 
the  promotion  of  the  welfare  of  Jews  in  any 
part  of  the  world. 

To  provide  that  the  income  of  the  Associa- 
tion derived  under  an  indenture  dated  the 
26th  day  of  August,  1892.  and  made  between 
Baron  Maurice  de  Hirsch  of  the  one  part  and 


the  Association  of  the  other  part  hereinafter 
called  "  the  Trust  Deed,"  may  be  applied  for 
the  benefit  of  Russian  Jews  by  any  methods 
in  addition  to  the  method  particularly 
specified  in  the  Trust  Deed  which  in  the 
judgment  of  the  Council  of  the  Association 
may  be  calculated  to  improve  the  condition 
of  Russian  Jews  in  any  part  of  the  world. 

To  extend  the  powers  of  investment  con- 
tained in  the  Memorandum  of  Association 
and  to  authorize  the  Association  to  invest 
their  funds  or  any  monies  under  their  control 
in  the  purchase  of  freehold  ground  rents  and 
in  any  investment  in  which  trustees  are  for 
the  time  being  authorized  to  invest  trust 
monies  and  from  time  to  time  to  vary  any 
investment  made  by  them  either  before  or 
after  the  passing  of  the  intended  Act. 

To  amend  the  Memorandum  of  Association 
in  such  further  particulars  as  may  be  neces- 
sary or  expedient.  To  vary  or  extinguish  ill 
existing  rights,  interests  and  privileges  which 
would  or  might  interfere  with  any  of  the 
objects  and  purposes  of  the  intended  Act  and 
to  confer  other  rights  and  privileges. 

Printed  copies  of  the  Bill  for  the  intended 
Act  have  been  deposited  in  the  Private  Bill 
Office  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

Dated   this  2d   day  of  March.    1903. 


LORD  JAMES  OF   HEREFORD 

Chairman  of  the  British  Royal  Commission  on  Alien 

Immigration 

The   reassembling  of  the 
Still  the       Alien   Immigration   Corn- 
Commission    mission      witnessed      the 
presentation  of  Major  W. 
Evans  Gordon,  M.  P.,  one  of  the  com- 
inissioners,  of   a   report  on   his   recent 
visit  to  Russia,  Poland,  Roumania  and 


April,  1903.] 


THE    MACCAB^AN. 


219 


Galicia.  The  report  covers  fifty  pages. 
It  is  a  descriptive  account  of  what  the 
author  saw  and  comes  to  no  conclusions. 
He  has,  however,  elsewhere  since  placed 
on  record  his  opinion  of  the  Jewish  con- 
ditions in  Eastern  Europe  and  the  need 
for  restricting-  immigration  in  these 
terms  :  "  The  conditions  under  which 
these  people  live  are  not  such  as  can  be 
expected  to  produce  desirable  recruits 
for  our  already  conjested  population." 
During  the  sittings  that  immediately 
followed  the  case  against  the  alien  was 
closed,  and  the  hearing  of  evidence  in 
his  favor  has  begun.  This  evidence  has 
practically  been  arranged  and  mar- 
shalled by  Mr.  L.  J.  Greenberg,  one  of 
the  Governors  of  the  Jewish  Colonial 
Trust,  one  of  the  most  ardent  Zionists 
and  an  expert  on  the  facts  and  figures 
of  the  migration  movement  to  England. 
No  doubt  much  that  has  been  said 
against  the  Jews  will  be  riddled  through 
and  through. 

But  the  temper  of  the  times,  which  in 
the  end  will  govern  the  issue,  is  well 
illustrated  by  the  strangest  editorial 
which  has  in  modern  times  appeared  in 
a  Jewish  journal.  In  "  A  Word  to  the 
Press  '■  the  London  Jezvish  Chronicle  of 
March  13  wrote: 

The  case  against  the  aliens,  which  has 
dragged  along  through  a  score  of  sittings  and 
an  intricate  maze  of  allegation  and  repetition, 
is  at  length  closed;  and  yesterdaj--,  the  case 
for  the  alien  was  begun.  We  sincerely  trust 
that  this  part  of  the  Commission's  work  will 
not  be  ignored  by  the  general  press.  We  may 
rely  completely  on  the  exemplary  impartiality 
of  the  Commissioners  not  to  scamp  the  Jew- 
ish evidence,  even  though  tendered  at  this 
unavoidably  late  hour.  But  the  same  cer- 
tainty hardly  exists  in  the  case  of  the  pub- 
licists and  others  who  are  only  just  awaking 
to  the  consciousness  that  such  a  thing  as  a 
case  for  the  aliens  really  exists.  There  are 
some  fifty  witnesses  to  be  heard  on  this  side, 


MAJOR    GORDON 
Of  the  British  Royal  Commission  on  Alien  Immigration 

and  it  will  be  only  in  accordance  with  English 
ideas  of  fairness  if  the  public  ear  is  lent  as 
readily  to  them  as  it  was  to  those  who  have 
preceded  them  upon  the  opposite  side.  We 
have  only  to  say  in  this  connection  that  the 
proceedings  of  the  Commission  hitherto  have 
been  of  a  very  painful  character  to  the  Jews 
o'f  this  country.  They  have  seen  a  majority 
of  their  body  practically  put  upon  public  trial 
and  subjected  to  a  searching  examination  un- 
known to  other  races.  They  have  seen  the 
faults  which  have  been  revealed — and  no  col- 
lection of  men  could  present  a  crystal  flaw- 
lessness  of  character — detailed  in  the  news- 
papers and  made  the  basis  for  a  demand  for 
immediate  legislation  before  the  other  side 
could  be  heard.  And  they  have  faced  the  risk 
of  a  confusion  between  "  Jew  "  and  "  alien '' 
against  which,  it  is  true,  the  Commissioners 
have  invariably  guarded,  but  which  many 
people  may  well  have  been  unable  to  avoid. 
We  cannot  think  that  the  alien  has  received 
his  due  at  the  hands  of  some  of  the  witnesses ; 
while  the  frequency  with  which  it  has  been 
sought  to  class  the  sons  of  aliens — many  of 
whom  have  fought  in  the  British  ranks,  and 
most  of  whom  are  almost  more  British  than 
the  Britisher — as  foreigners  has  been  a  source 
of  pain  and  regret  to  many  Jewish  subjects 
of  the  King.  All  the  more  reason  exists, 
therefore,  to  request  a  fair  hearing  for  the 
pro-alien  witnesses  (many  of  whom  are  not 
Jews  at  ail),  and  we  respectfully  ask  for  them 
the  attention  of  the  press  and  of  public  men. 


THE   MACCAB^AN. 


[April,  1903. 


JERUSALEM— THE    SCENE    OF    THE    EARTHQUAKE 


Jerusalem,      which      has 
Palestine       been  somewhat  agog  on 

account  of  recent  visitors, 
the  population  believing  that  Dr.  Hillel 
Jaffe  and  others  have  come  to  spy  out 
the  land  in  the  interests  of  the  Zionist 
movement,  suffered  on  the  29th  ult. 
from  an  earthquake.  The  news  to  hand 
is  very  scanty.  We  know  no  more  than 
that  there  was  some  seismic  disturbance 
and  that  the  population  was  panic- 
stricken.  The  circumstance  that  the 
earthquake  occurred  on  the  first  of  Ni- 
san  must  have  aroused  latent  supersti- 
tion, the  details  of  which  will  be  well 
worth  collecting.  When  the  cholera 
recently  raged  in  Jerusalem,  the  Jewish 
population,  in  several  cases,  had  resort 
to  the  custom  of  marriage  in  the  ceme- 
tery and  similar  incongruous  rites. 

In  Jaffa  a  Zionist  school  has  been 
founded.  It  is  one  in  which  the  instruc- 
tion is  given  through  the  medium  of 
Hebrew.  A  good  deal  of  the  initiative 
is  due  to  Mr.  Levine,  an  ex-English  Zi- 
onist and  teacher;  and  it  is  noticeable 
that  this  is  a  popular  movement,  and 


that  no  call  has  been  made  for  Euro- 
pean support,  which  is  usually  the  pre- 
lude to  all  Palestinian  undertakings. 

The  rising  of  the  Alban- 
The  Balkans    ians     has     overshadowed 

everything  else  in  the 
near  East.  No  fresh  developments  have 
taken  place  in  Roumania,  except  that 
the  populace  expressed  its  belief  in  the 
conduct  of  Stourdza,  thus  affirming  its 
adhesion  to  an  anti-Jewish  policy  by 
celebrating  the  ex-Minister's  birthday. 
The  Austrian  Government  has  been  in- 
terpolated as  to  its  conduct  on  the  Ber- 
lin Treaty,  but  so  far  it  has  made  no  an- 
swer to  the  American  protest. 


Babel 
and  Bible 


The  religious  world  has 
been  considerably  per- 
turbed over  the  German 
Emperor's  attitude  on 
Professor  Delitsch's  Babylonian  investi- 
gations. The  German  Emperor's  view, 
that  the  Babylonian  records  remove  the 
nimbus  from  Israel,  has  considerably 
excited  some  Jewish  thinkers,  but  His 
Majesty's  assurance  of  his  adherence  to 


April,  1903.] 


THE   MACCAByEAN. 


THE  ZIONISTS  OF  MANILA 


Christian  Orthodoxy  resuUs  in  a  situa- 
tion in  which  the  issues  at  stake  are 
only  of  importance  to  theologians. 
Later  it  will  perhaps  develop  another 
and  more  important  issue. 

In  England  the  Jews  have  been  dis- 
cussing most  acrimoniously  a  definition 
of  religion  and  at  the  same  time  fight- 
ing out  an  old  battle  as  to  whether  rab- 
bis should  be  appointed  by  popular  elec- 
tion or  receive  calls. 


Social 
Problems 


In  Vienna  the  work  of  the 
Jewish  Toynbee,  founded 
by  Dr.  Kellner,  continues 
to  be  made  more  and  more 
elaborate,  and  yet  adheres  to  its  main 
scheme,   that  of  musical  evenings   and 


lectures.  The  English  community  has 
been  asked  to  .found  a  Jewish  Rowton 
House  in  order  to  supply  the  poor  Jew- 
ish workingmen  with  cheap  lodging; 
and  the  Maccabseans  have  been  urged 
to  establish  a  specifically  Jewish  settle- 
ment house  in  the  East  End. 

In  Paris  the  Jewish  popular  univer- 
sity, founded  by  the  Zionists,  was 
opened  at  the  beginning  of  March  for 
the  education  of  the  Jewish  population ; 
and  Dr.  Nordau  made  himself  responsi- 
ble for  the  following  striking  phrase : 
"  Everyone  who  says  the  Shema  is  our 
Brother." 

In  New  York  a  pen  battle  is  in  prog- 
ress between  the  Educational  Alliance 


THE  MACCAB^AN. 


[April,  1903. 


THE    JEWISH    HOSPITAL    AT    JERUSALEM 
Founded  mainly  by  Dutch  Jews 


and  the  Educational  League,  the  conse- 
quence of  which  is  that  the  authorities 
of  the  former  have  oiTered  the  East  Side 
Jews  a  larger  share  in  the  administra- 
tion of  the  institute.  A  serious  trouble 
is,  however,  impending,  not  between 
these  two  bodies  so  much  as  that  the 
awakened  consciousness  of  the  Jews 
in  that  district  leads  to  a  demand  for 
a  more  Jewish  and  more  locally  gov- 
erned institution. 

The  English  Zionist  Fed- 
Zionism        eration  has  recovered  its 

balance  and  is  dividing  up 
its  work  in  district  committees.  Gener- 
al attention  is  being  devoted  every- 
where to  the  shekel  account  in  view  of 
the  approaching  Congress,  which  prom- 
ises to  be  the  most  important  yet  held. 
Rumors  have  been  current  as  to  various 
undertakings,  land  purchase,  etc.,  en- 
gaged upon  by  Dr.  Herzl  in  behalf  of 
the  movement,  but  of  this  we  cannot 
speak  until  olificially  authorized.  The 
mere  momentum  of  the  movement, 
however,   has  been   strong  enough   to 


lead  to  the  further  growth  of  the  num- 
ber of  organizations. 

The  Misrachi;  the  orthodox  wing  of 
the  Russian  Zionists,  held  its  first  annual 
convention  in  Lida,  Russia,  in  March. 
Forty  delegates,  among  them  fifteen 
rabbis,  attended  the  convention,  which 
lasted  three  days.  The  Misrachi  has 
allied  to  itself  some  210  Zionist  societies, 
eighty-four  of  them  having  been  or- 
ganized as  a  result  of  the  Misrachi's 
propaganda,  whose  aim  is  to  draw  the 
orthodox  element  of  the  Jews  into  the 
national  movement.  On  similar  lines  a 
conference  of  maggidim  and  the  authori- 
ties of  the  orthodox  synagogue  in  the 
East  End  of  London  has  been  held  at 
which  Dr.  Gaster  presided.  A  propa- 
gandist programme  was  decided  upon. 
This,  together  with  an  effort  made  in 
Manchester,  has  brought  the  more  or- 
thodox wing  in  England  in  line  with 
the  movement.  The  outcome  of  such 
an  effort  will  be  watched  with  interest 
for  heretofore  Zionism  has  been  kept 
out  of  the  synagogue. 


April,  1903.] 


THE   MACCAB^AN. 


223 


No  definite  action  is  yet 
8.  Africa  'reported  on  the  new  anti- 
alien  immigration  law 
except  that  the  government  did  not  en- 
force it  against  immigrants  who  left 
England  before  January  28.  The  South 
African  community  met  the  situation  by 
raising  i6,ooo  to  help  the  arrivals.  This 
is  in  accordance  with  a  public  spirit 
characteristic  of  the  South  African  Jew- 
ish community. 

The  Jewish  Publication 
Publications    Society  has  issued   Dub- 

now's  "  Jewish  History  : 
An  Essay  on  the  Philosophy  of  His- 
tory," perhaps  one  of  the  most  useful 
publications  that  has  come  from  the  so- 
ciety. A  new  Jargon  paper  has  been 
started  in  England,  in  the  city  of  Leeds, 
entitled  the  "  Jewish  Advertiser."  The 
Jewish  community  of  Portland,  Ore., 
seems  to  be  large  enough  to  sustain  a 
new  Jewish  publication,  "  The  Jewish 
Tribune."  The  Zionists  of  Germany 
have  added  to  polemical  literature  by  a 
pamphlet,  "  What  does  Zionism  Seek  ?  " 
Professor  Schechter  has  issued  his  in- 
augural address  at  the  Jewish  Theologi- 
cal Seminary  in  pamphlet  form.  Adolph 
Danziger  has  issued  (E.  P.  Button  & 
Co.)  "  Jewish  Forerunners  of  Christian- 
ity." 


The  New  York  community  is  prom- 
ised yet  another  Yiddish  daily,  and  in 
the  meantime,  the  Sun  of  this  city  de- 
votes more  attention  to  Jewish  matters 
and  not  without  a  certain  bitterness  of 
tone  editorially,  than  all  the  other  Jew- 
ish publications  put  together. 

A  FABLE 

A  Fox  stood  on  the  bank  of  a  river 
while  a  Bear  was  floundering  in  deep 
water.  "  Help  me.  Brother  Fox,  or  I 
sink,"  exclaimed  the  Bear.  The  Fox 
ventured  to  say,  "  Had  you  been  wiser, 
you  would  have  learned  how  to  swim 
when  you  were  young.  And  moreover, 
you  are  doing  really  the  very  worst 
thing  to  save  yourself.  Now,  tell  me, 
what  opinion  have  you  of  yourself  for 
neglecting  so  necessary  an  accompHsh- 
ment  as  swimming?"  And  forthwith 
he  began  an  argument  to  convince  the 
Bear;  he  used  well-grounded  rules  of 
logic  and  was  exceptionally  able  in 
showing  that  no  one  should  neglect 
physical  culture  in  these  days  of  mod- 
ern progress,  and  that  the  drowning 
animal  was  ignorant  and  incapable.  To 
all  of  which  the  Bear  replied  as  follows : 

"  Spare  me  your  reproaches !  Since 
you  are  not  bright  enough  to  lend  that 
rope  at  your  feet,  you  are  not  in  a  posi- 
tion to  reproach  me  for  not  learning  the 
art  of  swimming." 


224 


THE   MACCAB^AN. 


[April,  1903. 


The  Fertility  of  Palestine 


AN  EXPERT  VIEW. 


A  most  valuable  contribution  on  the  ques- 
tion whether  Palestine  can  again  be  made  a 
land  flowing  with  milk  and  honey,  entitled 
"  Die  Niederschlagsverhaltnisse  Palastinas  in 
alter  und  neuer  Zeit,"  by  Dr.  Heinrich  Hil- 
dcrscheide,  fills  two  entire  numbers  (Nos.  I 
and  2)  of  the  Zeitschrift  des  Deutscher  Pal'ds- 
tivM-V ereins  (Leipsic).  It  gives  a  wealth  of 
statistical  data  on  the  meteorology  and 
climatology  of  the  Holy  Land,  and  then,  on 
the  basis  of  these  data,  the  writer  has  this  to 
say: 

"  The  question  whether  Palestine  can  not 
again  be  made  as  productive  a  country  as  it 
was  two  thousand  years  ago  can  only  be  an- 
swered if  the  causes  are  examined  that  have 
led  to  its  present  degenerated  condition.  If 
these  lie  in  permanent  changes  in  the  climate, 
in  a  decreased  average  of  annual  rains,  and 
other  factors  not  under  the  control  of  man- 
kind, then  it  is  useless  to  hope  that  money 
or  energy  will  restore  the  pristine  produc- 
tiveness of  the  land.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  the 
causes  lie  in  historical  and  political  changes, 
chief  among  which  is  the  mismanagement  cf 
the  country  by  the  Turkish  authorities,  then 
there  can  be  no  reasons  why  such  a  restora- 
tion should  not  take  place.  Both  of  these 
views  have  had  ardent  champions  among  the 
specialists,  among  the  advocates  of  the  for- 
mer view  being  Hull,  Franz,  Fischer  and 
Zumoffen,  while  Condor,  Lartet,  Ankel  and 
others  are  equally  decided  in  their  defense 
of  the  second  opinion. 

"  A  candid  examination  of  the  facts  in  the 
case  shows  that  they  are  decidedly  in  favor 
of  this  latter  position.  Thii^ormer  view  is 
really  based  upon  a  petitio  principii.  It  is 
presupposed  that  there  have  been  radical 
changes  in  the  climate  of  Palestine  in  historic 
time,  and  that  these  changes  have  been  pro- 
duced by  the  ruthless  destruction  of  the  for- 
ests. Now  the  fact  in  the  case  is  that  we 
have  no  proofs  whatever  that  the  forests  of 
Palestine  were  in  the  Biblical  times  any  more 
extensive  than  they  are  now.  We  have  no 
evidence  from  any  author  of  note  that  there 


ever  has  been  such  a  ruthless  destruction  of 
forests.  No  passage  in  either  the  Bible  or 
the  Talmud  permits  us  to  draw  the  conclu- 
sion that  in  former  times  the  average  of 
rainfall  was  any  greater  than  it  is  at  present. 
Ever  since  meteorological  observations  have 
been  scientifically  taken  in  Palestine  (and  in 
some  cases,  as  in  that  of  Jerusalem,  these  go 
back  for  decades),  the  climatic  conditions 
have  remained  practically  the  same.  In  fact, 
the  rain -producing  causes,  such  as  the  near 
Mediterranean  Sea,  are  the  same  as  they 
were  in  Biblical  times. 

"  There  is  accordingly  no  evidence  of  his- 
tory or  science  to  show  that  the  climate  of 
Palestine  has  changed  materially  from  the 
time  when  the  land  flowed  with  milk  and 
honey,  to  the  present  age  when  so  much  of 
the  country  is  a  stony  and  barren  waste. 
Other  causes  have  been  operative,  and  these 
have  been  chiefly  direful  and  destructive  po- 
litical conditions  that  began  as  early  as  the 
period  of  the  decline  of  the  Roman  empire, 
and  have  reached  their  acme  in  the  corrupt 
Turkish  rule  of  the  last  four  centuries,  the 
oppression  of  the  officials,  the  management 
of  the  taxes,  and  the  like.  The  people  have 
in  the  course  of  time  become  indifferent  to  all 
progress,  as  progress  only  signified  new  op- 
pression. There  can  be  no  doubt  that  this 
historic  land,  if  put  under  proper  care  and 
correctly  managed,  can  be  restored  to  its  for- 
mer flourishing  condition.  The  ocular  proof 
of  this  can  be  seen  in  the  very  flourishing 
condition  of  the  Wiirttemberg  Temple  colo- 
nies, which  were  established  in  1868  near 
Jerusalem,  Sharon  and  Haifa,  and  which  are 
veritable  garden  spots  in  the  land,  and  that, 
too,  in  localities  that  before  the  days  of  these 
colonies  were  virtually  desert  land.  The  fact 
that  the  Jewish  agricultural  colonies  cannot 
make  equally  good  reports  is  to  be  explained 
partly  on  the  ground  of  mismanagement  and 
partly  because  the  colonists  have  not  the 
good-will  and  enterprise  necessary  for  the 
work." — Literary  Digest. 


April,  1903.] 


THE  MACCAByEAN. 


225 


The  riaccabsean 

EDITORIAL  PAGES 

J.  DE  HAAS,  Editor 

April,  1903 


THE  SEDER 

CET  the  table  in  its  proper  order,  let  the 
^  youngest  ask  the  questions  and  follow  the 
prescribed  ritual;  chant  the  sing-song  of  the 
Hagadah  to  the  end  of  Chad  Gadya.  What 
a  supreme  childishness!  You  can  hear  better 
music  at  the  opera,  more  lively  rhymes  at  the 
vaudeville.  You  can  obtain  more  toothsome 
food  than  the  Matzo,  and  the  preservers  of 
comestibles  prepare  nicer  things  than  the  bit- 
ter herbs  and  the  saline  dipped  parsley  and  the 
chopped  Charoseth. 

Part  of  a  generation  has  sneered  at  the  old 
rite ;  part  of  a  generation  would  forget  it ; 
part  of  a  generation  ignores'  it,  and  the  whole 
the  self  denial  of  the  festival  with  its  limita- 
tions to  things  unleavened ;  part  of  a  genera- 
tion, the  largest  of  all,  clings  to  it  with  in- 
tense determination. 

The  latter  part  is  the  true  Israel,  the  banner 
bearer  of  our  nation,  whose  strength  has  car- 
ried us  through  the  ages,  whose  loyalty  to 
tradition,  keeps  Israel  in  serried  ranks — an 
army  equipped  to  meet  its  destiny,  an  army 
that,  marching  now  to  a  tune  of  sorrow,  shall 
quicken  its  pace  when  the  song  of  hope  is 
sounded,  and  shall  effect  that  rush  which  the 
final  onslaught  to  victory  shall  demand.  It 
is  not  for  nothing  that  the  anthem  of  the 
service  begs  God  to  rebuild  the  Temple  and 
the  final  passage  tells  of  the  Redemption  of 
Humanity.  Yes,  to  each  and  every  element  in 
our  generation  the  Seder  has  its  message,  if 
only  men  would  preach  it  instead  of  adminis- 
tering soporific  homilies  arid  conjuring  moral- 
ities out  of  the  various  aspects  of  leaven  and 
imleavened.  Such  cheap  plausibilities  do  not 
move  our  age.  The  sermons  in  stones  are 
read  by  everyone,  and  rejected — as  stones, 

AN  AQE-OLD  RITUAL 

OEE  the  Seder  as  a  whole  and  you  have 
^  come  face  to  face  with  that  which  ill 
humanity  would  cherish  and  treasure,  and 
guard   and   accept  as  a  great  heritage  if  it 


realized  what  that  service  is.  Two  thousand 
years  of  one  practice — the  only  living  link 
between  to-day  and  that  time  when  Caesar 
sat  impurpled  in  Rome,  aye  and  the  whole 
picture  unchanged  except  for  a  few  costumes. 
How  the  world  gasped  when  the  perfume  pots 
of  Pompeii  and  Herculaneum  were  unearthed 
from  the  lava !  How  all  cultured  people  rush 
to  see  the  Odyssey  staged  and  praise  the 
archaeological  exactness  attained  by  poring 
over  musty  books.  And  the  Passover  goes 
back  to  the  birth  of  modern  humanity,  join- 
ing this  world  with  the  hieroglyphics  of 
Egypt  and  the  clay  tablets  of  Assyria — and 
whilst  the  rubric  is  two  thousand  years  old, 
the  elements  that  comprise  it  date  one  thou- 
sand five  hundred  years  further  back  in  the 
remote  and  mysterious  past. 

All  the  science  and  all  the  knowledge  at- 
tained by  grubbing  in  the  earth  and  uncover- 
ing the  things  hidden  by  the  past  bring  us  to 
the  era  of  the  Passover,  and  then  only  is  the 
past  seen  as  in  a  dark  glass,  darkly.  The 
Seder  itself  is — and  the  Jew  observing  it,  and 
thinking  at  that  moment  "  we  were  slaves  in 
Egypt,"  stands  a  giant  figure  against  the 
changing  forces  of  a  puny  world. 

THE  PASSOVER  HORAL 

■"  I  ■'HE  vision  of  the  wandering  Jew  recog- 
nizes  only  the  wandering,  but  more 
wondrous  is  the  age-old  thought  he  carries 
with  him.  A  drama  played  out  by  the  Nile 
while  Rameses  was  chiselling  his  name  in 
granite  monuments  is  part  of  a  people's  living 
thought,  and  history  needs  only  the  mighty 
Pharaoh  to  confirm  the  episodes  of  Jewish 
history.  Cataclysm  after  cataclysm  has  hap- 
pened, and  a  Caesar  and  a  Napoleon  have 
crossed  the  Alps,  and  two  continents  have 
risen  out  of  the  unknown  waters,  and  before 
them  was  Passover — it  still  is  and  will  be  as 
long  as  the  Jew  is. 

If  each  and  every  Jew  realized  what  this 
carrying  on  of  tradition  means,  if  he  realized 
that  all  the  noblesse  oblige  of  all  the  aristo- 
cratic orders  are  as  nought  compared  to  it,  he 
would  not  only  observe  the  Passover,  gladly 
and  thoroughly  and  with  conscious  pride,  but 
he  would  so  value  the  preservation  of  his 
race,  the  maintenance  of  its  identity,  its  up- 
lifting toward  the  fulfillment  of  its  own 
ideals  that  all  the  world  could  offer  him  in 
exchange  would  be  but  as  tinsel  and  gew- 


226 


THE  MACCAB^AN. 


[April,  1903. 


gaws.  The  Seder  is  not  a  ritual,  and  the 
Hagadah  is  not  a  recitation.  They  are  feel- 
ing and  emotion  and  consciousness  of  his- 
tory. Passion,  suffering,  yearning  and  hope, 
intensely  human  thought,  and  deep  spiritual 
longings ;  these  are  the  elements  that  make 
and  uphold  the  service  of  the  Passover. 


VARIOUS  ZIONISMS 

nr'HE  Cincinnati  Israelite  observed  in  a  re- 
^  cent  issue :  "  There  seem  to  be  as  many 
different  conceptions  of  Zionism  among  the 
Zionists  as  there  are  sects  in  Christendom, 
and  the  Lord  only  knows  how  many  of  these 
there  are.  Will  the  Zionists  please  explain 
the  cause  for  this  disparity  of  opinion?" 

It  is  not  exactly  the  practice  of  the  Israelite 
to  publish  the  views  of  the  other  side.  On 
the  contrary,  it  is  the  one  remaining  Jewish 
journal  in  the  United  States  which  believes 
that  it  can  stem  the  Zionist  tide  by  making  a 
dam  of  ridicule,  scorn  and  sarcasm,  and  by 
keeping  from  its  readers  all  pro-Zionist  state- 
ments. Our  explanation,  since  we  shall  not 
risk  a  refusal,  must,  therefore,  be  confined  to 
our  own  pages. 

Whilst  we  cannot  determine  what  differing 
conceptions  amongst  Zionists  demand  ex- 
planation, we  presume  that  the  varying  at- 
titudes of  Drs.  Felsenthal,  M.  H.  Harris  and 
Max  Heller,  have  in  particular  roused  the 
attention  of  the  Israelite ;  and  if  not,  we  free- 
ly admit  that  among  our  leaders  there  are  also 
varying  conceptions  of  the  movement.  This 
is  most  natural,  most  reasonable  and  the 
boast  of  Zionism.  Appealing  as  we  do  to 
every  shade  of  Jewish  thought,  to  every  class 
of  Jews,  offering  a  cardinal  principle  for  the 
whole  Jewish  life,  it  is  but  natural  that  whilst 
each  thinking  man  accepts  that  principle,  lie 
approaches  it  through  his  own  medium  of 
thought,  that  he  couples  with  it  the  particular 
ideals  with  which  he  heretofore  placed  faith. 
Thus,  we  have  the  economic,  the  religious  and 
the  national  Zionists,  to  name  three  distinct 
classes  who  seek  the  objective  for  three  dis- 
tinct reasons.  The  one  because  of  persecu- 
tion and  economic  misery,  the  second  because 
of  his  faith  in  the  religious  future  of  a  Jewish 
state,  the  third  because  he  claims  and  seeks 
the  completion  of  his  national  existence  be- 
fore all  other  things. 

The  important  thing  is  the  end  they  seek, 


the  medium  is  secondary.  We  cannot  put 
aside  the  past,  notwithstanding  that  we  seek 
a  new  future;  and  we  can  believe  that  the 
greatness  of  the  Jewish  future  depends  upon 
the  amalgam  of  all  the  ideas  which  move  the 
modern  Jewish  world.  If  Zionism  were  not 
great  enough  to  sustain  all  these  modifica- 
tions of  thought,  all  the  nuances  of  expres- 
sion, it  would  certainly  not  be  worth  while 
the  effort  which  is  being  put  forth  to  make 
it  succeed. 

TO  OUR  CREDIT 

npHE  Edinburgh  Review  is  famous  among 
^  the  serious  publications,  political  and 
literary.  The  last  number  contains  an  ar- 
ticle, "  Panslavism  in  the  Near  East,"  in 
which  the  writer  discusses  Zionism.  The 
writer  notes  the  increase  of  the  Jewish  popu- 
lation in  Palestine  and  adds  what  it  would  be 
well  to  bring  under  the  notice  of  those  who 
talk  so  glibly  of  the  "  impossibility "  of  po- 
litical Zionism :  "  This  rapid  increase,  facili- 
tated by  the  construction  of  the  Jaffa-Jerusa- 
lem railway,  has  received  its  chief  impetus 
from  the  persecutions  to  which  the  Hebrew 
race  has  of  late  been  subjected  in  Eastern 
Europe.  Most  of  the  immigrants  come  from 
Russia,  Hungary,  Galicia  and  other  parts  of 
Austria  and  Germany.  .  .  .  Immigration 
continues  apace  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Alliance  Israelite,  which  alone  spends  1,000,- 
OGO  francs  a  year  on  theHebiewculonies  and 
schools  in  Turkey,  and  other  philanthropic 
societies.  The  latest  phase  of  this  migration, 
known  as  the  Zionist  movement,  has  for  its 
object  to  revive  the  Jewish  State  by  pur- 
chasing Palestine  from  Turkey.  The  move- 
ment, though  condemned  by  some  as  Utopian, 
and  ridiculed  by  others  as  sentimental 
in  origin,  possesses  considerable  interest 
for  the  unprejudiced  observer  of  Eastern  af- 
fairs. No  one  who  has  watched  its  growth 
can  doubt  its  practical  importance."  The 
reviewer  then  proceeds  to  relate  the  recent 
negotiations  between  Dr.  Herzl  and  the  Sul- 
tan, and  concludes:  "Although  the  Sultan 
is  not  prepared  to  grant  all  that  his  guest  de- 
manded, there  is  sufficient  ground  to  believe, 
with  Dr.  Herzl,  that  the  negotiations  will 
most  probably,  at  no  distant  time,  lead  to  a 
conclusion  satisfactory  to  the  Sultan  and  the 
Zionists  alike.     This  hope  is  strengthened  by 


April,  1903.] 


THE  MACCAByEAN. 


227 


the  Sultan's  attitude  toward  the  Jews,  which 
in  its  benevolence  contrasts  curiously  with 
the  treatment  meted  out  to  his  Christian  sub- 
jects. Two  years  ago,  he  appointed  members 
of  the  Hebrew  Community  to  important  posts 
in  the  Turkish  Army,  while  he  attached  two 
more  to  his  personal  entourage.  On  another 
occasion  His  Majesty  evinced  a  lively  interest 
on  behalf  of  the  same  race  whose  good  repute 
was  sullied  by  one  of  the  Blood  Accusations 
periodically  brought  against  the  Jews  by  the 
Christians  of  the  East,  and  caused  the  local 
authorities  to  take  steps  to  prove  its  ground- 
lessness, thereby  earning  the  thanks  of  the 
Anglo-Jewish  Association.  Perhaps  it  is  to 
this  increasing  favor  of  the  Jews  in  the  eyes 
of  the  Sultan,  and  the  consequent  fear  of  op- 
position to  Russia's  designs  in  Palestine,  that 
we  must  attribute  a  step  lately  taken  by  the 
Russian  Government.  The  Minister  of 
Finance  is  reported  to  have  forbidden  the 
sale  of  the  Jewish  Colonial  Trust  shares  in 
the  Tsar's  dominions,  a  step  which  has 
created  great  perturbation  in  the  camp  of 
Polish  Zionists,  the  most  deeply  interested 
in  the  concern.  This  arbitrary  measure  can 
have  no  permanent  effect  on  the  plans  of 
Zionism,  and  it  is  chiefly  remarkable  as  a 
possible  indication  of  the  alarm  which  the 
progress  of  the  movement  is  already  exciting 
in  Russian  official  and  Panslav  circles." 

CONVENTION  AND  CONGRESS 

TITTOST  of  the  details  of  the  coming  Con- 
vention  are  already  before  the  Zionist 
organizations,  so  the  delegates  will  meet  upon 
issues  thought  out  at  leisure  instead  of  dis- 
cussing resolutions  pressed  forward  in  the 
heat  of  debate.  We  feel  confident  that  if  the 
organizations  will  bestir  themselves  and  prop- 
erly instruct  their  delegates,  then  the  Con- 
vention will  mark  a  turning  point  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  movement  in  America  and  enable 
the  leading  spirits  of  the  movement  here  to 
plan  a  campaign  which,  next  fall,  will  enable 
us  to  count  the  adherents  to  Zionism  by  the 
tens  of  thousands. 

This  being  the  case,  we  can  glance  with 
one  eye  on  our  Convention  confident  that  it 
will  be  a  success,  scanning  with  the  other  the 
prospect  of  the  ensuing  Congress.  Of  that 
Congress,  we  have  as  yet  no  details.  But  of 
this,  too,  we  can  be  sure,  that  it  will  mark  an 
epoch  in  our  movement.    It  is  now  two  years 


since  the  delegates  from  all  parts  of  the 
world  gathered  together,  and  the  intervening 
time  has  been  filled  with  much  that  is  preg- 
nant for  the  future  of  our  nation.  The  ex- 
periment of  holding  a  Congress  every  two 
years  instead  of  annually  has  proved  in  some 
measure  a  success.  There  has  been  greater 
scope  for  growth  and  more  time  for  the  de- 
velopment of  issues;  and  had  the  work  been 
planned  out  in  1901  with  a  view  to  criticism 
in  1903,  it  might  have  yielded  still  greater 
results.  There  remains,  however,  an  argu- 
ment in  favor  of  the  annual  Congress  which 
will  deserve  every  consideration,  and  that  is, 
the  necessity  for  maintaining  intimate  and 
personal  relationships  between  those  who 
have  charge  of  the  work  in  different  parts  of 
the  world.  The  Zionist  Congress  has  created 
the  functions  of  a  state  without  a  geographi- 
cal state,  a  fact  which  not  even  the  majority 
of  Zionists  realize,  and  the  maintenance  of 
such  a  condition  demands  from  the  average 
Zionist  still  greater  sacrifices  than  he  has 
heretofore  made. 

CONGRESS  PROBLEMS 

'T'HESE  technical  issues  apart,  the  Con- 
^  gress  will  be  looked  forward  to  as  a 
place  for  the  making  of  some  official  an- 
nouncement on  the  negotiations  that  have 
been  in  progress  since  the  last  gathering. 
The  confidence  placed  in  our  leaders  will 
enable  them  to  decide  fearlessly  in  how  far 
publicity  is  practicable,  and  we  have  reason 
to  believe  that  nothing  but  the  requests  of 
those  with  whom  we  are  negotiating  will 
prevent  the  issue  of  a  clear  and  definite  state- 
ment such  as  is  desirable  in  the  best  interests 
of  the  movement. 

The  other  issues  that  will  be  developed  and 
with  which  we  shall  deal  in  succeeding  num- 
bers of  The  MACcAByEAN  will,  no  doubt,  be 
the  development  of  the  Jewish  Colonial  Trust, 
the  completion  of  the  organization  of  the 
Jewish  National  Fund,  while  the  Congress 
will  also  have  to  deal  with  the  cultur  ques- 
tion which  has  so  often  been  thrust  upon  it. 
At  this  moment  the  two  opposing  extremes 
on  this  issue,  Achad  Ha'am  and  Dr.  Nordau 
are  engaged  in  a  fierce  polemic  rising  inci- 
dentally around  Dr.  Herzl's  novel,  but  fight- 
ing in  reality  around  the  whole  principle  cov- 
ered by  this  untranslatable  word. 


228 


THE   MACCAB^AN. 


[April,  1903. 


Official  Information 


Convention  Programme 

Second  draft  "of  the  proceedings  of  the 
Sixth  Annual  Convention  of  the  Federation 
of  American  Zionists  to  be  held  at  the  Cen- 
tral Turner's  Hall,  Pittsburg,  June  6  to 
June  9. 

Saturday,  June  6. 

Morning  Service  in  Synagogues. 

Evening  Reception  by  Pittsburg  Daughters 
of  Zion. 

Sunday,  June  7,  Morning  Session,  9  a.  m., 
to  12. 

I,  Chairman's  address. 

II.  Letters  and  correspondence. 

HI.  Report  of  Permanent  Committee  of 
Convention  on  procedure. 

IV.  Executive  Council  and  other  reports 
(of  which  printed  copies  will  be  issued  prior 
to  the  opening  proceedings). 

Afternoon  Session — 2  to  6  p.  m. 

I.  Report  of  Convention  Committee  on 
Credentials. 

H.  Debate  on  reports. 

HI.  Report  of  Committee  on  the  Amend- 
ment of  the  Constitution. 

Evening  Gathering,  8  p.  m. 
Mass  Meeting. 
Monday,  June  8,  Morning  Session,  9  a.  m. 
to  12. 

I.  Debate  on  amended  constitution. 

II.  Debate  on  resolutions. 

Afternoon  Session,  2  p.  m.  to  6  p.  m. 

I.  Papers  and  discussion  on  the  Jewish 
Education  Question. 

(a)  Miss  Henrietta  Szold — The  Education 
of  the  Jewish  Girl. 

(b)  Rev.  Dr.  A.  Radin — Talmud  Torahs 
and  Chedorim. 

(c)  Rabbi  J.  Leonard  Levy — Modern  Re- 
ligious Schools. 

(d)  Dr.  Benderley— Hebrew  and  Educa- 
tion. 

II.  Unfinished  and  miscellaneous  business. 

Evening  Gathering,  8  p.  m. 
Banquet   given   by    Pittsburg    Zionist    So- 
cieties. 


Tuesday,  June  9 — Morning  Session. 
I..  Discussion   on   adjourned   motions, 
n.   Nomination  and   election  of  officers. 
III.    The   appointment   and   instruction   of 
representatives  to  the  Sixth  Congress. 

Afternoon  Gathering. 
L^wn    fete   given   by   Zionist    Societies    of 
Pittsburg. 


The  headquarters  of  the  convention  will  be 
at  Zionist  Rooms,  1606  Centre  avenue,  Pitts- 
burg. All  local  questions  should  be  addressed 
there  to  Mr.  Morris  Neaman,  chairman,  or 
Mr.  A.  Seder,  corresponding  secretary  of 
Local  Arrangements  Convention  Committee. 

Circular  32  and  33. 

The  officers  of  societies  are  urgently  re- 
quested to  comply  with  the  matters  requiring 
attention  in  these  circulars.  Attention  is 
called  to  the  amended  constitution  published 
in  this  issue  and  especially  to  those  clauses 
affecting  resolutions  to  be  submitted  to  the 
convention. 

Circular  34. 

This  circular  describes  the  plan  and  scope 
of  the  National  Fund  Day,  to  be  held  Sunday, 
June  7.  English  and  Yiddish  leaflets  on  the 
fund  can  be  had  on  application. 

Circular  35. 

This  circular  now  being  issued  provides  for 
the  election  of  delegates  to  the  convention 
and  provides  the  form  of  credential  to  be 
forwarded  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Federation. 
The  following  are  the  clauses  of  the  constitu- 
tion in  vogue  affecting  the  election  of  dele- 
gates : 

ARTICLE  10. 

REPRESENTATION. 

I.  Every  Zionist  society  in  the  United 
States  which  is  affiliated  with  this  Federation 
in  the  manner  hereafter  provided,  shall  be 
entitled  to  be  represented  at  the  Convention 
of  the  Federation  by  one  'delegate  for  each 
twenty-five  members  in  Societies  having  one 
hundred  members  or  less,  and  by  one  added 


April,  1903.] 


THE   MACCAB^AN. 


229 


delegate  for  each  additional  fifty  members  in 
Societies  having  more  than  one  hundred 
members, 

2.  Any  Society  located  in  a  town  or  city 
which  has  only  one  Zionist  Organization  ex- 
isting in  such  town  or  city  shall  be  entitled 
to  be  represented  by  one  delegate,  irrespective 
of  the  number  of  its  members. 

3.  All  Societies,  in  order  to  be  entitled  to 
representation  at  the  Convention,  must  send 
to  the  Honorary  Secretary  a  complete  list 
of  their  members,  and  must  pay  all  dues  and 
taxes  at  least  three  weeks  before  the  date  of 
the  annual  Convention. 

ARTICLE  V. 

AFFILIATION. 

1.  Every  Jewish  Zionist  Society  which  sub- 
scribes to  this  Constitution  may  become 
affiliated  with  this  Federation  upon  filing  an 
application  for  affiliation  with  the  Honorary 
Secretary  of  the  Federation. 

2.  Every  affiliated  Society  shall  pay  an- 
nually to  the  Federation  the  minimum  sum  of 
twenty-five  cents  for  every  one  of  its  regis- 
tered members,  and  also  the  Shekel  contribu- 
tion required  by  the  International  Zionist 
Congresses,  and  such  further  sums  for  carry- 
ing out  the  objects  of  this  Federation  as  may 
be  decided  upon  from  time  to  time  by  the 
annual  Conventions  of  the  Federation. 

3.  The  contributions  hereinbefore  provided 
for  shall  be  paid  by  the  respective  Societies 
on  or  before  the  appointment  of  their  dele- 
gates to  the  annual  Convention.  Any  affiliated 
body  failing  to  pay  its  annual  contribution  or 
any  further  sum  decided  upon  to  be  paid 
under  the  preceding  clause,  shall  cease  to 
have  the  right  of  continuing  in  the  Federation 
unless  upon  representation  it  shall  appear  to 
the  Executive  Council  that  such  default  has 
been  unavoidable. 


THE  MACCAByEAN  WILL  IN  FUTURE  BE  PUB- 
LISHED ON  THE  FIRST  OF  EVERY  MONTH.  COR- 
RESPONDENTS ARE  URGENTLY  ASKED  TO  SEND  IN 
ALL  COMMUNICATIONS  BY  THE  FIFTEENTH  OF 
THE  MONTH  PRIOR  TO  WHICH  THEY  WISH  NEWS 
ITEMS  TO  APPEAR. 

The  Sixth  Zionist  Congress  will  be  held 
in  Basle,  Switzerland,  probably  from  July 
19  onward. 

Jewish  Colonial  Trust. 

A  four-paged  illustrated  leaflet  on  the  Jew- 
ish Colonial  Trust  can  be  had  free  of  charge 
on  application.  The  Share  Club  installment 
plan  can  also  be  had  by  all  societies. 

The  Secretary. 

April  4,  1903. 

We  regret  to  learn  that  our  venerable  vice- 
president,  Dr.  Gustav  Gottheil,  is  still  critic- 
ally ill. 


"  The  harvest — barley  and  wheat — promises 
to  be  unusually  good  this  year.  Wherever  we 
went  through  the  highland  west  of  the  Jor- 
dan and  down  through  the  Hauran  and  Jebel 
Ajlun  the  crops  were  wonderful.  I  never 
saw  such  fertility.  Wild  flowers,  too,  are 
unusually  plentiful." — E.  W.  G.  Masterman 
in  Quart.  Statement  of  Palest.  Explor.  Fund. 
1902,  p.  299. 

OUR  ZIONIST  BUTTON 

$15.00  per  100,  post-paid] 
20c.  each,  post-paid 

Address,   MACCABi€AN 

320  BROADWAY 


230 


THE  MACCAB.EAN. 


[April,  1903. 


Proposed  Amended  Constitution 


ARTICLE   I. 

NAME. 

I.  The  name  of  this  organization  shall  lie 
the  Federation  of  American  Zionists  in- 
corporated under  the  laws  of  the  State  of 
New  York. 

ARTICLE   IL 

OBJECTS. 

1.  The  object  of  this  organization  shall 
be  to  act  as  Landes  Comite  of  the  United 
States  of  America  in  accordance  with  the 
Constitution  and  Statutes  of  organization 
adopted  by  the  Zionist  Congresses. 

2.  The  Federation  shall  be  the  medium 
of  communication  between  the  American 
Zionists  and  the  General  Executive  Com- 
mittee (Actions  Comite),  appointed  from 
time  to  time  by  the  Zionist  Congress. 

3.  The  Federation  shall  advise  on  the 
steps  necessary  for  the  furtherance  of  the 
general  movement  and  initiate  plans  for 
carrying  into  effect  resolutions  adopted  by 
the  Zionist  Congresses  from  time  to  time. 

ARTICLE   III. 

MEMBERSHIP. 

I.  The  Federation  shall  consist  of  such 
organizations  in  the  United  States  of 
A.merica  which  approve  the  Basle  Pro- 
gramme and  as  have  or  desire  to  promote 
among  others,  any  of  the  following  objects: 

(a).  The  establishment  of  a  legally  safe- 
guarded home  in  Palestine  for  the  Jewish 
people. 

(b).  The  fostering  of  the  national  ideal 
in  Israel. 

(c).  The  supporting  of  existing  colonies 
and  the  founding  of  new  colonies  by  plac- 
ing as  mai  1  Jews  as  possible  living  in  Pal- 
estine as  settlers  on  the  land,  and  the  en- 
couraging, guiding  and  assisting  of  new 
settlers  wishing  to  establish  colonies,  or 
any  handicrafts,  industries  or  arts  in  Pales- 
tine. 

(d).  The  fostering  of  the  knowledge  of 
Hebrew  as  a  living  tongue. 


ARTICLE   IV. 

AFFILIATION. 

1.  Any  organization  subscribing  to  the 
Basle  Programme  and  any  of  the  above 
named  objects  may  become  affiliated  with 
the  Federation  by  filing  with  the  Executive 
Council  a  list  of  its  members  and  officers, 
and  by  paying  the  charter  fee  as  hereinafter 
prescribed.  Any  application  for  affiliation 
must  be  approved  by  the  local  territorial 
Board  of  Deputies,  if  any,  and  by  the  Exec- 
utive Council,  which  shall  then  issue  a 
charter  to  that  society.  This  provision, 
however,  shall  not  affect  a  society  in  proc- 
ess of  organization,  which  shall  be  permit- 
ted to  file  its  application  with  its  charter 
fee,  signed  by  at  least  seven  members;  but 
its  list  of  officers  and  members  must  be  filed 
within  the  three  months  following  after  the 
granting  of  its  charter  by  the  Executive 
Council. 

2.  Every  affiliated  society  shall  pay  an- 
nually, in  two  half-yearly  payments,  to  the 
Federation  a  minimum  sum  of  twenty-five 
cents  for  ^very  one  of  its  registered  good 
standing  members  as  a  Federation  due,  and 
also  twenty-five  cents  for  each  such  mem- 
ber as  the  shekel  contribution  required  bv 
the  Zionist  Congresses,  and  such  furthr;r 
sums  for  carrying  out  the  objects  of  this 
Federation  as  may  be  decided  upon  from 
time  to  time  by  the  annual  conventions  of 
the  Federation. 

3.  Any  affiliated  body  failing  to  pay  its 
annual  contribution  or  any  further  sum  de- 
cided upon  to  be  paid  under  the  preceding 
clause,  shall  lose  the  right  of  representa- 
tion at  the  annual  convention,  and  on  the 
Board  of  Deputies,  unless  good  cause  be 
given  the  Executive  Council  for  the  con- 
tinuance or  remission  of  arrears. 

4.  A  fee  of  five  dollars  shall  be  paid  by 
every  society  for  the  charter. 

ARTICLE  V. 

ADMINISTRATION. 

I.  The  administration  of  the  Federation 
shall   be   vested   in    an    Executive    Council 


April,  1903.] 


THE  MACCAB^AN. 


231 


and  a  Board  of  Deputies,  whose  office  shall 
be  in  the  City  of  New  York,  and  such  other 
offices   elsewhere   as  may  be  found   neces- 
sary. 
Sub-section  I. 

(a).  The  Executive  Council  shall  con- 
sist of  the  president,  two  vice-presidents, 
treasurer,  secretary  and  eight  members, 
who  shall  be  respectively  elected  chairmen 
of  the  Finance,  Agitation,  Organization, 
Publication,  Education,  Jewish  Colonial 
Trust  share,  National  Fund  and  Shekel 
Committees,  together  with  a  committee  on 
foreign  correspondence,  which  shall  be 
composed  of  the  American  members  of  the 
Supreme  Executive  Council  (Grosser  Ac- 
tions Comite). 

(b).  Nomination  shall  be  made  as  herein- 
after provided  for,  for  the  various  chair- 
manships; and  the  annual  convention  shall 
elect  to  the  various  offices,  but  the  Execu- 
tive Council  shall  be  empowered  to  redis- 
tribute the  various  chairmanships,  should 
the  same  be  moved  at  the  Council's  first 
meeting. 

(c).  The     chairman     of    the    committees 
shall  be  empowered  to  appoint  the  mem- 
bers of  their  respective  committees,  subject 
to  the  approval  of  the  Executive  Council. 
Sub-section  II. 

(a).  The  Board  of  Deputies  shall  con- 
sist of  one  member  from  each  affiliated  so- 
ciety, whose  membership  shall  not  be  less 
than  fifty  members  in  good  standing. 

(b).  Every  society  so  qualified  shall 
elect  a  deputy  on  notice  from  the  secre- 
tary of  the  Federation.  The  power  of  con- 
firming such  election  shall  be  vested  in  the 
Executive  Council,  to  whom  the  societies 
shall  duly  certify  the  election  of  their  depu- 
ties. 

(c).  The  Board  of  Deputies,  of  which 
the  two  vice-presidents  shall  be  chairmen, 
respectively,  of  the  Eastern  and  Western 
groups,  shall  meet  at  least  twice  a  year, 
immediately  after  and  prior  to  the  annual 
convention  and  at  such  times  during  tbt 
year  and  at  such  places  as  may  be  deemed 
expedient  by  the  Executive  Council. 

(d).  The  president  shall  be  empowered 
to  direct  the  convening  of  meetings  of  any 
territorial  group  of  deputies,  for  the  con- 
sideration of  such  subjects  as  may  aSect 
local  interests;  or  to  direct  any  one  deputy 


to  investigate  or  give  such  attention  to 
matters  within  his  district  as  shall  be  to  the 
interest  of  the  movement. 

(e).  The  power  of  confirming  resolutions 
of  meetings  of  deputies,  except  in  so  far 
as  they  affect  local  interests,  shall  be  vested 
in  the  Executive  Council. 

(f).  The  Board  of  Deputies  shall  consid- 
er at  its  meetings  reports  and  recommenda- 
tions of  territorial  groups  and  report  on 
territorial  work  at  the  annual  convention; 
and  it  shall  give  consideration  to  such  re- 
quirements of  the  Executive  Council  as 
shall  affect  the  organizations  territorially. 

(g).  Each  deputy  shall  be  required  to  re- 
port to  the  Board  of  Deputies  on  the 
status  of  his  or  her  constituency  and  to 
present  such  statistical  information  as  may 
be  called  for  from  time  to  time. 

(h).  The  various  territorial  groups  shall 
be  defined  by  the  Committee  on  Organiza- 
tion. 
Sub-section  III. 

(i).  The  Convention  may  elect  a  board 
of  honorary  vice-presidents,  not  to  ex- 
ceed ten  in  number. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

REPRESENTATION. 

1.  Every  Zionist  Society  in  the  United 
States,  which  is  affiliated  with  the  Federa- 
tion in  the  manner  provided  for  in  the  fore- 
going clauses,  shall  be  entitled  to  be  repre- 
sented at  the  conventions  of  the  Federation 
by  one  delegate  for  each  twenty-five  mem- 
bers, provided  such  society  has  one  hun- 
dred members  or  less  in  good  standing, 
and  societies  having  more  than  one  hun- 
dred members  by  an  additional  delegate  for 
each  additional  fifty  members  in  good 
standing. 

2.  Any  society  located  in  a  town  or  city 
which  has  only  one  Zionist  organization 
shall  be  entitled  to  be  represented  by  one 
delegate  irrespective  of  the  number  of  its 
members. 

3.  Societies,  in  order  to  be  entitled  to  be 
represented  at  the  Convention,  must  send 
to  the  secretary  a  complete  list  of  their 
members,  and  must  pay  all  dues  and  taxes 
at  such  time  or  times  as  the  Executive 
Council  may  determine. 

4.  Persons    residing   in    a   town    or    city 


»32 


THE    MACCABiEAN. 


[April,  1903. 


where  there  are  not  more  than  ten  Jewish 
families  shall  be  enrolled  as  individual 
members  of  the  Federation  at  a  member- 
ship fee  of  two  dollars  per  annum,  inclusive 
of  all  dues;  and  in  return  for  which  they 
shall  be  entitled  to  receive  copies  of  all  the 
literature  and  information  sent  to  societies. 

ARTICLE   VII. 

CONVENTIONS. 

1.  The  annual  convention  of  the  Federa- 
tion shall  be  held  at  such  time  and  place 
as  the  Executive  Council  shall  determme, 
but  notice  of  such  time  and  place  must  be 
given  to  all  constituent  societies  at  least 
two  months  prior  to  the  holding  of  said 
convention. 

2.  The  business  of  each  convention  shall 
be  the  reception  of  the  reports  of  the  Ex- 
ecutive Council,  the  Board  of  Deputies, 
Finance  and  other  reports;  the  nomina- 
tion of  representatives  who  are  to  act  at 
the  Zionist  Congress  on  behalf  of  the  Fed- 
eration, the  instruction  of  such  representa- 
tives, the  election  of  the  officers  and  mem- 
bers of  the  Executive  Council  and  the  con- 
sideration of  matters  affecting  the  general 
welfare  of  the  Federation  and  the  Zionist 
movement. 

3.  The  Executive  Council  shall  publish 
in  the  final  programme  of  the  Convention, 
which  shall  be  issued  at  least  fourteen  days 
before  such  Convention,  the  resolutions 
which  it  intends  to  submit  to  the  Conven- 
tion, and  all  the  individual  notices  and  mo- 
tions, coming  either  from  societies  or  from 
delegates;  and  unless  they  be  germane  to 
and  rise  out  of  the  direct  discussion  of  the 
Convention,  no  resolutions  shall  be  re- 
ceived unless  they  be  printed  on  the  notice 
paper  of  the  Convention,  it  being  in  the 
power  of  every  organization  and  delegate 
to  give  notice  of  proposed  resolutions  un- 
til within  three  weeks  of  the  Convention. 
The  acceptance  or  rejection  of  motions 
from  organizations  shall  rest  with  the 
Committee  of  Conventions  appointed  by  the 
Executive  Council,  but  the  Convention,  by 
a  two-thirds  vote,  may  call  for  a  rejected 
motion. 

4.  The  president  shall  nominate  a  Per- 
manent Committee  of  Convention  selected 
from  the  delegates  for  the  guidance  and 
despatch  of  the  business  of  the  Convention. 


Such  committee  shall  be  appointed  prior  to 
the  opening  of  the  Convention,  and  it  shall 
be  the  duty  of  such  committee  to  take 
charge  of  the  general  work  of  the  Conven- 
tion, to  supervise  and  direct  the  work  of 
any  sub-committees  that  may  be  created, 
to  submit  motions  of  procedure  or  of  such 
changes  of  procedure  as  may  be  found 
necessary,  to  submit  the  nominations  an<l 
supervise  the  elections  to  the  various  offi- 
ces. 

5.  The  Permanent  Committee  of  Con- 
vention shall  report  the  order  of  business 
and  rules  of  procedure  at  the  opening 
session  of  the  Convention,  and  such  rules 
shall  be  binding  on  the  Convention  unless 
altered  by  a  two-thirds  vote. 

6.  The  Executive  Council  may  by  a 
two-thirds  vote,  call  a  special  Convention; 
and  the  business  of  such  Convention  shall 
be  limited  to  the  matters  described  in  the 
call  for  such  special  Convention. 

7.  One-fourth  of  the  numbers  of  ac- 
credited delegates  shall  constitute  a 
quorum  for  the  transaction  of  all  business 
at  the  Convention. 

8.  The  members  of  the  Board  of  Depu- 
ties shall  be  eligible  to  serve  as  delegates 
at  conventions. 

9.  Every  society  shall  forward  the  cre- 
dentials of  its  duly  elected  delegates  on 
duly  authorized  forms,  which  must  be  filed 
with  the  secretary  at  least  ten  days  prior 
to  the  holding  of  the  annual  convention. 

ARTICLE    VIII. 

NOMINATION    AND    ELECTION    OF    OFFICERS. 

1.  Every  society  shall  receive  simultane- 
ously with  the  notice  of  the  time  and  place 
of  the  Convention,  a  form  of  nomination; 
and  shall  be  entitled  to  nominate  one  can- 
didate for  each  vacancy  and  the  secretaries 
shall  forward  the  nominations  to  the  secre- 
tary of  the  Federation  twenty-one  days 
prior  to  the  Convention. 

2.  The  Permanent  Committee  of  Con- 
vention shall  have  power  to  remove  from 
the  list  of  nominations  so  made  all  names 
not  having  been  nominated  by  five  differ- 
ent societies;  but  a  petition  signed  by 
twenty-five  delegates  to  the  Convention  in 
favor  of  a  candidate  shall  stand  instead  of 
insufficient  society  nominations.  Such  pe- 
tition shall,  however,  be  limited  to  and  af- 


April,  1903.] 


THE  MACCAByEAN. 


233 


feet  only  names  already  nominated  by  so- 
cieties. 

3.  The  election  of  officers  shall  be  by 
ballot  on  printed  slips  to  be  issued  by  the 
Permanent  Committee  of  Convention.  But 
the  inspectors  of  election  shall  only  declare 
such  officers  duly  elected  as  have  a  vote 
equal  to  three-fifths  of  the  number  of  votes 
cast.  Failing  such  majority  a  second  ballot 
shall  take  place  for  the  offices  remaining 
vacant ,  and  the  majority  then  obtained 
shall  be  declared  final  and  suffice  for  the 
purpose  of  election  returns. 

ARTICLE    IX. 

CONGRESS  ELECTIONS. 

I.  In  each  year  in  which  a  Zionist  con- 
gress is  held  the  Executive  Council  shall 
make  proper  provision  for  the  election  of 
delegates  to  the  Zionist  Congress  by  the 
shekel  tax  payers  in  accordance  with  the 
plan  of  election  prescribed  in  the  Zionist 
constitution. 

ARTICLE    X. 

MEETINGS. 

1.  The  Executive  Council  shall  meet  at 
least  once  every  month. 

2.  The  president  shall  have  power  to 
call  meetings  of  the  Council  at  any  time  on 
his  own  initiative. 

3.  Upon  a  written  request,  signed  by  at 
least  five  members  of  the  Executive  Coun- 
cil, the  president  shall  call  a  special  meet- 


ing of  the  Council  to  meet  within  ten  days 
of  receipt  of  such  request. 

4.  Every  member  of  the  Executive  Coun- 
cil who  shall  have  absented  himself  from 
two  consecutive  meetings  of  the  Council 
without  valid  excuse,  shall  cease  to  be  a 
member  thereof;  and  the  Executive  Coun- 
cil shall  have  the  power  to  elect  his  succes- 
sor, who  shall  serve  in  his  stead  unitl  the 
next  annual  Convention. 

5.  The  president  shall  be  ex-officio  a 
member  of  every  committee. 

ARTICLE    XI. 

BY-LAWS. 

I.  The  Executive  Council  shall  have 
power  to  make  by-laws  from  time  to  time 
for  the  regulation  of  the  business  of  the 
Federation,  and  the  Board  of  Deputies, 
provided  such  by-laws  contain  nothing 
contrary  to  this  constitution;  and  such  by- 
laws, when  passed,  shall  be  as  binding  upon 
the  constituent  organizations  as  this  con- 
stitution. 

ARTICLE    XIL 

AMENDMENTS. 

1.  This  constitution  shall  not  be  amend- 
ed except  by  a  two-thirds  vote  at  an  annual 
Convention  of  the  Federation,  or  at  a  spe- 
cial Convention  called  for  that  purpose. 

2.  Notice  of  proposed  amendment  shall 
be  given  to  all  constituent  societies  at 
least  fourteen  days  before  the  meeting  of 
such  Convention. 


234 


THE  MACCAByEAN. 


[April,  1903. 


News  from  the  Societies 


[Correspondents  must  please  note  that  all  communica- 
tions intended  for  publication  must  be  written  on  one 
side  of  the  paper  only. — Ed.] 

The  Rev.  H.  Maslianski  lectured  to  the 
Scranton  Zionists  on  the  4th  inst. 

A  new  organization — the  Zion  Literary  So- 
ciety— has  been  organized  in  Pittsburg. 

After  a  long  silence  the  Young  Zionists 
of  Los  Angeles  have  again  become  active. 

The  Rev.  D.  Max  Heller  will  help  to  found 
a  Zionist  society  in  New  Orleans  in  the 
autumn. 

The  Boston  Daughters  of  Zion  will  hold  a 
concert  at  Zion  Hall,  170  Hanover  street,  on 
April  14. 

The  Ahavas  Zion,  of  New  York,  will  mark 
National  Fund  Day,  June  7,  by  holding  a 
mass  meeting  at  Cooper  Union. 

The  Bnei  Zion  Kadimah,  of  New  York, 
will  hold  a  mass  meeting  in  the  Roumanian 
Synagogue  on  the  14th  inst. 

Mr.  J.  de  Haas  lectured  to  the  Bnai  Zion, 
of  Hartford,  Conn.,  on  the  31st  ult.  The 
local  military  corps  has  been  re-organized. 

The  Bnei  Zion,  of  New  York,  is  holding  a 
reception  on  the  13th  inst.  The  election  of 
officers  of  the  society  will  be  held  a  week 
later. 

The  Glory  of  Zion  Association  of  New 
York  held  their  Purim  masque  ball  at  New 
Irving  Hall  on  March  14.  It  proved  a  so- 
cial success. 

The  Lads'  Brigade  scheme  is  making  excel- 
lent progress  in  Chicago,  thanks  to  the  ef- 
forts of  Mr.  N.  D.  Kaplan,  grand  recorder 
of  the  Order  Knights  of  Zion. 

Mr.  de  Haas  lectured  on  Zionism  before 
a  large  meeting  of  the  orthodox  and  re- 
form Jews,  of  Scranton,  Pa.,  on  March  22. 
An  interesting  debate  followed. 

Mr.  G.  H.  Mayer  has  organized  a  public 
Seder  service  to  be  held  on  the  seventh  even- 
ing of  Passover  in  connection  with  the  Junior 
Zionist  organizations  of  Philadelphia. 

A  large  and  successful  ball  was  given  on 
March  23  by  the  Friends  of  Zion  of  Phil- 
adelphia. The  proceeds  of  the  ball  will  be 
devoted  to  the  Zion  Institute  library. 

The  ladies'  society  of  Bangor,  Me.,  re- 
ports great  progress,  and  recently  held  a 
ball  in  aid  of  the  National  Fund,  which  was 


very  successful  financially  as  well  as  so- 
cially. 

The  Hebrew  High  School,  of  which  Rev. 
B.  Leventhal  is  the  director,  will  hereafter 
hold  its  sessions  at  the  Zion  Institute,  of 
Philadelphia. 

An  entertainment  and  package  party  was 
given  recently  by  the  Young  Daughters  of 
Zion  of  Philadelphia.  A  piano  was  bought 
for  the  Institute  from  the  proceeds. 

The  Zion  Council,  of  Haverhill,  MJass., 
consisting  of  the  Sons  of  Zion,  Sisters  of 
Zion  and  Blossoms  of  Zion,  held  their  first 
annual  Purim  ball  on  March  18.  It  proved 
a  success. 

The  Sons  and  Daughters  of  Zion,  of  Bos- 
ton, are  holding  a  ball  in  the  interest  of  The 
Maccab^an  on  Patriot's  Day,  20th  inst. 
Mr.  B.  M.  Goldstein  is  chairman  of  the  Board 
of  Directors. 

The  Daughters  of  Zion  and  the  Ezras 
Chovevi  Zion  of  Baltimore  gave  a  Purim 
celebration  in  Philanthrophy  Hall.  The 
dances  were  all  given  in  honor  of  leaders  of 
the  Zionist  movement. 

On  April  5  Mr.  J.  de  Haas  delivered  a 
lecture  in  Wilkesbarre,  at  a  mass  meeting 
organized  by  the  local  Zionists.  He  reor- 
ganized the  society  and  appointed  an  Execu- 
tive Board  which  is  to  hold  office  for  two 
months. 

The  Chovevi  Zion  of  Columbus,  Ohio, 
held  a  Purim  ball,  which  proved  quite  suc- 
cessful. The  society  purchased  twenty 
shares  in  the  Jewish  Colonial  Trust,  and 
entered  its  name  in  the  Golden  Book  of 
the  National  Fund. 

On  Wednesday,  April  15,  Mr.  J.  de  Haas 
will  deliver  a  lecture  on  Zionism  at  Mon- 
treal, Can.,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Fed- 
eration of  Zionist  Societies  of  Canada. 
Mr.  de  Haas  will  spend  a  week  in  Canada 
and  will  lecture  in  Toronto  and  Ottawa. 

On  Sunday,  March  22,  Rev.  B.  C.  Ehren- 
reich  delivered  a  lecture  at  the  Zion  Insti- 
tute, of  Philadelphia,  on  "  What  is  Zion- 
ism? "  A  course  of  lectures  is  scheduled 
for  the  next  month  at  the  Institute.  Classes 
for  the  study  of  religion  and  history  are 
held  there  weekly. 


April,  1903.] 


THE  MACCAB^AN. 


235 


The  Bnai  Zion,  of  Philadelphia,  will  give  a 
package  party  on  April  15.  Part  of  the  pro- 
ceeds of  this  party  are  to  be  used  for  buying 
Jewish  Colonial  Trust  shares.  The  society 
also  decided  at  the  last  meeting  to  donate  the 
coupons  of  its  Colonial  Trust  shares  to  the 
National  Fund. 

The  first  annual  Purim  ball  of  the  Sons 
and  Daughters  of  Zion  of  Chattanooga, 
Tenn.,  took  place  Thursday,  March  12,  and 
was  a  great  success  socially  and  financially. 
The  ball  committe  were:  Mr.  Chas.  Mil- 
ler, chairman;  N.  H.  Silverman,  Harry  Mil- 
ler, Chas.  Silverman  and  Moses  Stein. 

The  regular  monthly  meeting  of  the 
Rochester  Council  of  Jewish  Women  was 
held  on  March  19  at  Berith  Kodesh  Temple. 
Prof.  A.  Lipsky,  of  the  High  School,  deliv- 
ered an  interesting  lecture  on  "  Zionism," 
which  was  followed  by  a  discussion  for  and 
against  the  propositions  outlined  by  the 
speaker. 

One  of  a  series  of  lectures  under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  Ezras  Chovevi  Zion  Associa- 
tion, of  Baltimore,  Md.,  was  held  at  its 
headquarters,  I  no  East  Baltimore  street, 
on  the  22d  ult.  The  principal  speaker  of 
the  evening  was  Rev.  L.  H.  Miller.  Mr. 
Israel  Gomborov  also  delivered  an  inter- 
esting address.  H.  Freedman,  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  association,  presided. 

The  Young  Zionists,  of  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
gave  the  first  in  a  series  of  entertainments 
on  the  22d  ult.,  at  Music  Hall,  Sixth  and 
Wabasha  streets.  The  programme  was 
opened  by  the  president  of  the  society,  B. 
Calmenson,  who  spoke  of  the  purposes  and 
objects  of  the  society  and  told  what  had  al- 
ready' been  done  in  fitting  up  clubrooms  for 
the  members. 

At  the  lecture  and  dance  given  by  the 
Daughters  of  Zion  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  a 
large  sum  was  realized,  with  which  the  so- 
ciety intends  to  purchase  shares  in  the  Jew- 
ish Colonial  Trust.  The  lecturers  of  the 
evening  were  Rabbi  A.  L.  Zarchy  and  Mr. 
Mandel  Silber,  who  made  a  profound  im- 
pression. Zionistic  music  was  rendered 
and  the  affair  was  a  great  success. 

The  organization  meeting  of  the  Kadi- 
moh,  a  Harlem  society,  was  held  on  the  4th 
inst.  Mr.  Herman  Rosenthal  was  elected 
president;   Mr.  S.  Livingston,  vice-president; 


Mr.  H.  Liebermann,  treasurer;  Mr.  L.  Lip- 
sky,  secretary.  Part  of  the  Executive  Coun- 
cil was  also  elected.  The  society  decided 
on  an  active  propagandist  and  educational 
programme. 

The  Ohavei  Zion  of  Birmingham,  Ala., 
held  an  enthusiastic  meeting  on  Sunday, 
March  15,  Mr.  M.  B.  Herman  presiding. 
Mr.  G.  Tunkle,  of  Augusta,  Ga.,  delivered 
an  address,  which  was  very  well  received. 
The  society  desire  to  thank  Mr.  Tunkle  for 
his  liberality  in  offering  his  services  gratis. 
New  energy  has  been  infused  into  local 
Zionistic  circles  through  his  efforts. 

During  his  visit  to  Chattanooga  in  De- 
cember, the  Rev.  L.  H.  Miller  organized  a 
new  Zionist  club.  The  members  are  from 
twelve  to  sixteen  years  of  age,  and  have 
taken  upon  themselves  the  full  responsibil- 
ity of  a  Zionist  organization.  The  officers 
are:  Morris  Joseph,  president;  Max  Alper, 
vice-president;  A.  Winer,  secretary;  Harry 
Miller,  treasurer;  N.  Stein  and  P.  Bloch, 
trustees. 

The  tenth  semi-annual  reception  and  ball 
of  the  Dorshei  Zion  of  Brooklyn  was  held 
in  Teutonia  Hall,  Saturday  evening,  April 
4,  with  great  eclat.  Two  new  societies  have 
been  organized  under  the  supervision  of 
the  above  society,  the  '"  Ohavei  Zion," 
whose  membership  consists  of  elderly  peo- 
ple, and  the  "  Shoshanath  Zion,"  a  young 
ladies'  society.  Both  meet  at  the  club 
rooms  of  the  Dorshei  Zion  at  20  Leonard 
street. 

The  first  meeting  of  the  recently  organ- 
ized Newark  Young  Men's  Zionist  Society 
since  its  charter  was  granted  was  held  on 
the  II  ult.  at  the  organization's  rooms  at  99 
Morton  street.  More  than  200  persons  were 
in  attendance.  An  address  was  made  by  Rev. 
Mr.  Brodsky,  who  outlined  the  work  that  the 
new  society  was  expected  to  do.  Rabbi 
Reisberg  also  spoke.  Eleven  new  members 
were  enrolled.  After  the  meeting  had  con- 
cluded refreshments  were  served.  It  is  the 
intention  of  the  society  to  establish  a  free 
library  for  the  benefit  of  the  Jewish  popu- 
lation of  the  city,  and  the  committee  hav- 
ing that  work  in  charge  reported  favorable 
progress.  It  was  decided  to  send  two  dele- 
gates to  the  convention  of  American  Zion- 
ists, which  will  be  held  in  Pittsburg  in 
June. 


236 


THE  MACCAB^AN. 


[April,  1903. 


Prefacing  the  lecture,  the  speaker  said  that 
"  Zionism  "  had  been  more  of  a  prayer  than 
an  actuality,  until  about  eight  years  ago, 
when  the  "  Zionists,"  a  society  having  for  its 
object  the  amelioration  of  the  condition  of 
the  Jew,  came  into  existence  at  Vienna, 
largely  through  the  efforts  of  Professor 
Hertzel,  a  journalist  of  that  city.  The  ques- 
tion of  what  to  do  with  the  Jew  did  not  con- 
cern a  people  sidetracked  in  an  out-of-the- 
way  corner  of  the  world,  but  of  a  people 
taking  an  active  part  in  the  world's  affairs. 
As  a  consequence,  the  problem  is  a  vital  one 
to  every  civilized  nation  on  earth.  Dr.  Lans- 
berg,  rabbi  of  the  Berith  Kodesh  Temple, 
followed  the  speaker,  and  argued  that  there 
was  no  such  a  thing  as  the  Jewish  nation. 
He  said  that  assimilation  was  the  only 
solution  of  the  Jewish  problem,  and  where 
the  race  was  denied  equal  rights  with  others 
the  thing  to  do  was  to  get  them.  That  was 
the  only  solution  of  the  question. 

A  quarterly  meeting  of  the  Friends  of  Zion, 
of  Philadelphia,  was  held  on  Sunday,  the 
29th  ult.,  at  the  Zion  Institute,  249  Pine 
street.  Four  delegates  to  the  convention  of 
the  American  Federation  of  Zionists  in 
Pittsburg  were  appointed.  They  are :  Dr. 
Benjamin  L.  Gordon,  Mr.  J.  S.  Sherbow,  Dr. 
Aaron  Brav  and  Mr.  J.  Bursky.  It  was  de- 
cided to  open  the  assembly  room  on  Friday 
evenings  hereafter,  when  Rev.  B.  L.  Levin- 
thai  will  deliver  sermons  on  Jewish  ethics. 
An  amendment  changing  the  number  of 
members  of  the  Board  of  Directors  from 
twelve  to  twenty-one,  to  include  six  ladies, 
was  passed.  It  was  announced  that  religious 
services  would  be  held  at  the  Institute  dur- 
ing Passover.  A  committee  including 
Messrs.  S.  Frank,  J.  Lesansky,  Benjamin 
Minionberg    and    William    Becker    was    ap- 


pointed to  organize  a  gymnasium  for  the  use 
of  members  of  the  association.  Miss  Jacobs 
has  volunteered  to  take  charge  of  any  class 
that  may  be  formed.  A  ladies'  auxiliary 
branch  will  be  organized  shortly.  Twenty- 
five  new  members  were  enrolled  on  Sunday. 
After  the  meeting  S.  S.  Fineman,  Esq.,  deliv- 
ered an  address  on  "  Rabbi  Jehuda  Halevi." 
A  mass  meeting  was  held  on  Thurs- 
day evening,  March  26,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Federation  at  Cooper 
Union,  New  York,  in  aid  of  the  National 
Fund,  the  Hon.  N.  Taylor  Phillips,  presid- 
mg.  The  principal  speaker  of  the  evening 
was  Mr.  E.  W.  Lewin-Epstein,  who  de- 
livered an  illustrated  lantern  lecture  on  the 
growth  of  the  Jewish  Palestinian  colonies, 
which  was  enthusiastically  received.  Ad- 
dresses were  delivered  by  Mr.  J.  de  Haas 
and  Rev.  H.  Masliansky.  The  musical  con- 
tributions were  provided  by  Miss  Levene, 
Miss  Anspacher  and  Mr.  Rosenstein.  The 
following  were  in  charge  of  the  meeting, 
under  the  immediate  supervision  of  Mr.  J. 
Goodman.  Chief  lady  usher,  Miss  R. 
Abrams;  chief  gentleman  usher,  Mr.  S. 
Hurwitz;  lady  ushers.  Misses  Silverman, 
Hyman,  Greenberg,  Shapero,  Mazlovski, 
Rothbard,  Geduld,  Saperstein,  B.  Abrams, 
Brand,  Wascowitz  and  Rusher;  gentlemen 
ushers,  Messrs.  B.  Prisman,  Mirskie,  Kel- 
ler, Wittner,  Goldberg,  S.  Reuben,  Zipitz, 
Lipitz,  S.  W.  Goldstein  Moses,  Nathan, 
Siegel,  Friedgood,  Stoopack.  B.  Nathan, 
Crapper,  William  Goldman,  Carinst,  J.  W. 
Brightman,  William  Lowenstein,  S.  Fox 
and  William  Kirshon.  In  charge  of  ticket 
office,  Messrs.  E.  P.  Schinsky  and  A.  Brill; 
ticket  collectors,  Messrs.  Becker,  Zipitz, 
Mitchelman  and  Prisman;  banner  commis- 
sioners, Messrs.  Becker  and  Prisman. 


The  Maccabaean, 

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offers  for  sale  Bearer  and 
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pc  D^BDK  pN  lyoipya  i^ 

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Richard  Gottheil, 

PRESIDENT  FEDERATION  OF  AMERICAN  ZIONISTS. 

N.  B.    Jewish  National  Fund  stamps  are   also  obtainable  at  this  office  and  will  be  issued 
on  remittance. 


NOTICE 

All  subscribers  of  shares  of  the  Jewish  Colo- 
nial Trust,  who  have  subscribed  either  through 
the  temporary  office  which  was  opened  at  No. 
2o  Broad  Street,  or  S.  Jarmulowsky,  and  have 
paid  for  their  shares  in  full  on  or  before  the 
3i8t  of  Dec.,  1902,  and  have  not,  as  yet, 
received  their  shares,  should  send  their  Allot- 
ment Letters  and  payment  receipts  to  S.  Jar- 
mulowsky, Banker,  54  Canal  Street,  New 
York,  in  return  for  which  they  will  receive 
their  respective  shares. 

RICHARD  GOTTHEIL, 
President,  Federation  of  American  Zionists 


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